أبو سوهياد
24-09-2013, 03:58 PM
Unit 1
The present simple Tense
الفعل فى هذا الزمن له شكلين ..
- المصدر يكون فى أخره s و ذلك مع الضمائر he / she / it و كذلك الاسم المفرد
- المصدر يكون بدون s فى أخره و ذلك مع الضمائر I / you / we / they و الجمع
Usage
- Facts :
- The sun rises in the east .
- habits :
- He plays football every Friday .
Key words
every / usually /always /often / sometimes / never / occasionally / rarely / seldom ..
Negative
( don’t / doesn’t ) + inf. ..
EX:
- I don’t like watching TV .
- He doesn’t swim well .
The present continuous Tense
Formation: ( am / is / are ) + ( v.-ing )
EX: - They are eating now .
Key words:
now / Look ! / Listen ! / at the moment ..
The past simple Tense
Formation :
(1) Regular
- يتم اضافة -ed فى أخر الفعل و ذلك لتحويله إلى ماضيه ..
watch – watched
(2) Irregular
يوجد مجموعة من الأفعال الشاذة التى لابد من حفظ شكل الفعل فى الماضى حيث أنها لا تتبع قاعدة معينة ..
go – went
Key words :
yesterday / last / ago / in the past
Ex:
- I went to Aswan three years ago .
Negative
didn’t + inf.
EX:
- I didn’t like watching TV .
The past continuous Tense
Formation : ( was / were ) + ( v.-ing )
Key words : yesterday / last ..
When / While
When ……… past simple ……………,……………past continuous ………….
…… past continuous ……… when ………… past simple ……………….
While / As / Just as …… past cont. ………,…… past simple …….
……… past simple ……… while / as / Just as …… past cont. …….
While + v.-ing …………,…………… past simple ……….
……… past simple ……………while + v.-ing ……….
While + past cont. …………,…………… past cont. ……….
……… past cont. ……………while + past cont. ……….
Ex. Choose the correct answer :
1) While I ………….. to school , I met my uncle .
a) go b) goes c) going d) was going
2) While we ………….. the lesson , the bell rang .
a) were reading b) was reading c) will read d) reading
3 ) When the teacher came into the classroom , some pupils …….…… a lot of noise .
a) makes b) make c)were making d) will make
4 ) While the thief ……………. over the wall , the policeman saw him .
a) climb b) climbing c) was climbing d) were climbing
5 ) When I …………… up , two planes were flying .
a) look b) looked c) looking d) were looking
6 ) It ……………. when we went out this morning .
a) was raining b) were raining c) will rain d) rains
7) While Ahmed's brothers …………… , Nabil knocked on the door .
a) studied b) were studying c) studies d) study
8) When the teacher entered the class, the pupils …………… silently .
a) read b) reading c) were reading d) was reading
9) As the boys were playing , they ……..…… a loud cry .
a) hear b) will hear c) hears d) heard
10) What ………… doing when I phoned you yesterday ?
a) you were b) were you c) are you d) you are
إعتاد أن ..Used to
…فاعل… used to + inf.
نستخدم تلك التركيبة عندما نتحدث عن فعل كان يحدث فىالماضى
وأصبح لا يحدث الأن ..
…فاعل… (am/is/are/was/were)used to + v.-ing
- نستخدم تلك التركيبة عندما نتحدث عن فعل كان يحدث فى الماضى وأصبح لا يحدث الأن فى حالة وضع was / were..
- نستخدم تلك التركيبة عندما نتحدث عن فعل كان يحدث فى الماضى ومازال يحدث الأن فى حالة وضع am / is / are..
EX:
- I used to smoke when I was young .
- I am used to smoking .
The Present Perfect Tense
Formation
have / has + p.p
Ex:
- I have lived in Cairo since 1999 .
- He has visited Aswan.
Negative: have / has + not + p.p
Ex:
- I have not lived in Cairo since 1999 .
- He has not visited Aswan.
Key words
For / since / ever / never / yet / just / already / recently / lately / so far / ( first , second , third , … ) / up to now ..
For
معناها : منذ/ لمدة
For + رقم + (seconds / minutes / hours / days / weeks
/ months / years …)
For a long time
Ex:
- I have lived in Cairo for seven years .
- I have studied English for the last week.
لاحــظ : استخــدام for فى هـذه الجمـلة لوجــود the قبــل المـدة الزمنيــة .
Since منذ
Since +
( اسم يوم / اسم شهر / تاريخ / وقت / جملة زمنها ماضى بسيط)
عندما نجد last نختار since
EX:
- I have lived in Cairo since 1999.
- They have played since 9 o’clock.
- I haven’t seen Ali since he left school.
- Ramy has stayed in that hotel since last Monday.
- Ramy has stayed in that hotel since last May.
since كـأداة ربــط .
مضــارع تــام since ماضى بسيـــط
EX:
- I have played football since I was seven.
- She has studied English since she finished secondary school.
A very important structure :
It is / It's + فتـرة زمنية + since + ماضى بسيـط
It has been / It's been + فتـرة زمنية + since + ماضى بسيـط
EX:
- It is a long time since I visited my friend.
Ex. Add (since or for) to these sentences:
1. Mr Rami has been my Maths teacher ……………. three years .
2. I have lived in this town ……………. December.
3. He has been ill ……………. last Monday .
4. It has rained ……………. two hours .
5. He has been absent from school ……………. three weeks .
6. This servant has worked for me ……………. seven years .
7. I have been awake ……………. 7 o'clock .
8. He hasn't been to bed ……………. yesterday .
9. I have known him ……………. years .
10. I have worn those shoes ……………. years .
11. He has been my friend ……………. we were children.
12. I have been in this school…………….eleven years .
13. I have been in the library……………. the bell rang .
14. I haven't seen him ……………. last year .
15. I haven't seen him ……………. months .
16. They haven't had any food ……………. twelve hours .
Ever
معناها : قبل ذلك
تأتى فى السؤال الذى يبدأ بـ Have/Has
EX:
- Have you ever visited Aswan ?
never
معناها : أبداً
تأتى بعد have/has من أجل النفى وتعمل عمل not
EX:
- I have never visited Aswan .
Yet
معناها: ليس بعد
تأتى فى نهاية الجملة المنفية و نهاية السؤال فى زمن المضارع التام
EX:
- I have not visited Aswan yet.
Just / already
معناها : توا
يأتيان بعد have/has فى الجملة المثبتة
EX:
- I have just eaten.
lately / recently
lately النفي و السؤال recently الإثبات و السؤال
EX:
- They have visited me recently.
- I haven't seen her lately.
- Have you finished your homework recently / lately ?
Ex. Choose the correct answer :
1. I haven’t eaten breakfast ………………. ( already / yet )
2. she has …………… drunk water . ( yet / just )
3. Have you ………………… played tennis ? ( ever / never )
4. No , they have ……………… . ( ever / never )
5. I have ……………… been to Aswan before . ( never / ever / just )
6. We have not played ………………… . ( yet / ago / ever )
7. They have ………………… eaten fish . ( for / since / never )
8. We haven't finished our work ………. ( yet / since / for )
9. Have you ……… been to Syria ? ( yet / ago / ever )
10. He hasn't finished his work ……………… . ( yet / since / for )
ملاحظات هامة ..
- ( have , has ) been to ..ذهب إلى مكان و عاد منه
- ( have , has ) gone to .. بعد ذهب إلى مكان و لم يعود منه
EX:
- They have been to Aswan . (They went there and came back)
- They have gone to Aswan. (They went there and they’re still there)
A) Choose the correct answer from a , b, c or d :
1) I first met her a long time ...................... .
a. before b. ago c. yet d. for
2) I enjoy playing football game. I .......................... it every weekend .
a. play b. am playing c. playing d. played
3) It's years since we ...................... football .
a. played b. have played c. have been playing d. play
4) When I was young , I ...................... by the sea .
a. living b. have lived c. live d. used to live
5) He was listening carefully while they ..................... the plan to him .
a. explained b. were explaining c. explaining d. explain
6) I've wanted an assistant ...................... a long time .
a. since b. when c. from d. for
7) Heba always .............. off her computer the moment she finishes using it.
a. switch b. switches c. switched d. switching
8) This is the first time we ...................... to a theatre .
a. had been b. have been c. went d. was going
9) The girls haven't tidied this room ...................... a week .
a. since b. for c. ago d. from
10) The train .......................... at 9.00 every morning .
a. leave b. leaves c. left d. has left
11) Osama ................. a letter when his mother came home .
a. writing b. is writing c. wrote d. was writing
12) It's a month ...................... I last went to the club .
a. since b. when c. ago d. for
13) That boy talks too much . He .......................... .
a. is always talking b. always talk c. talks always d. always talking
14) I haven't seen my grandfather ...................... the summer .
a. ago b. for c. since d. from
15) While I ..................... to school this morning , I met an old friend .
a. is coming b. was coming c. coming d. come
16) I .......................... at a sports shop . It's a permanent job .
a. work b. working c. worked d. am working
17) I ...................... several jobs since I left school .
a. had b. have c. have had d. had had
18) My mother .......................... the dinner now .
a. cooks b. is cooked c. is cooking d. has cooked
19) Osama was reading a story while Rania .................. her homework.
a. did b. do c. was doing d. does
20) Look ! Our team .......................... well, I think they will win .
a. play b. plays c. is playing d. played
21) Your younger brother Samy ................ very quiet recently . Is he OK?
a. was b. has been c. had been d. will be
22) The boys haven't eaten anything ...................... yesterday .
a. for b. ago c. since d. at
23) My brother became a teacher ...................... 1994 .
a. since b. in c. ago d. for
24) A : Have Susan and Jehan ever met each other ?
B : No , they have ...................... met each other .
a. often b. frequently c. never d. seldom
25) I'll sleep until my mother .......................... me up .
a. wake b. had waken c. wakes d. waked
26) Yesterday , while I was walking in the park, I saw lots of children .................. .
a. have played b. were playing c. playing d. played
27)The manager gave him permission half an hour ............... .
a. since b. for c. ago d. then
28) Up to now, they have not decided how to spend the weekend ............. .
a. already b. just c. yet d. never
29) So far, there ............... no life on the moon .
a. is b. was c. had been d. has been
B. Find the mistake in each of the following sentences , then write them correctly :
1. Amgad has gone to Italy for a month .
His visit came to an end .
2. While we spoke , the mobile phone rang .
3. Ahmed Shawki writes some beautiful poetry .
4. Just as they had lunch , a fire broke out.
5. While I travelled to Alex., my car broke down .
6. Noha used to working here .
7. I haven't visited my aunt since a year.
8. The sun is giving us heat and light.
9. We occasionally travelled to Sohag to visit our
aunt who lives there .
10. Azmi arrived at school late every day .
11. I used to smoking a lot.
D- The Novel
7) (A) Answer the following questions:
1- What did the robbers use to see through the wall ?
2- How did the machine show what was behind the walls ?
3- What did the robbers do in order not to be seen ?
B) Read the following quotation and then answer the questions:.
" Get them off me "!
1- Who was the speaker ? to whom ?
2- What was he speaking about ?
3- What happened to him ?
C) Complete the following sentences
1- The four robbers were all killed by ………………………………………… …………………………. .
2- It was an unknown species of spider because ………………………………………… ……………. .
E- Writing
8) Write a paragraph of seven (8) sentences about:
"A new invention or discovery which will change our life to the better"
Use the following guiding points:
- What this invention or discovery is - Who invented or discovered it
- Why it is important - How it will change our life to the better
F- Translation
9) A) Translate into Arabic .
Great efforts are exerted to develop the industry of information technology in Egypt as it is the language which the world is communicating with at present and for long years to come . The government has encouraged it by reducing taxes and eliminating restrictions on imports .
B- Translate into English:
1- أجــرى جــراح القلـب المشهــور عــدة عمليـات ناجحــة مجـانـا.
2- العمل الجاد هـو الطريق الوحيد للنجاح .
قـــاعــــــدة IF
- The zero conditional ..
If ……… present simple ……,……… present simple ……… .
EX:
- If we heat water , it boils .
- The first conditional ..
If ……… present simple ……… , ……… will + inf. ………
EX:
- If you make much effort , you will get high marks.
انتبه للحالتين الأتيتين..
If ……… present simple ……… , Inf. ……………………………
If ……… present cont, / present perfect ……… , ……… will + inf. ………
EX:
- If you want to get high marks , study hard .
- If you are playing now , your father will be angry .
- If you have played , your father will be angry .
- The second conditional ..
If ……… past simple ………, ……… would + inf. ……… .
EX:
- If he didn’t play well , he would lose the match .
معلومة هامة :
نستخدم were مع كل الضمائر فى الحالة الثانية من قاعدة if
EX:
- If I were very rich , I would buy a plane .
- The third conditional ..
If ……… past perfect ……… , ……… would have + p.p ……… .
had + p.p
EX:
- If he had played well , he would have won .
-1-
Unless = if not
EX:
- If he earns much money , he will buy a car.
- Unless he earns much money , he will not buy a car.
-2-
But for / without = ( Unless / if not )
but for + ( noun / v.-ing )
without + ( noun / v.-ing )
EX:
- But for studying well , I wouldn’t succeed.
- Without his father’s advice , he would have been imprisoned .
-3-
- if it weren’t for + v.-ing ……….. , …… would + inf. …………… 2
- if it hadn’t been for + v.-ing ……….. , …… would have + p.p …………… 3
EX:
- If it weren’t for the protective glasses , I wouldn’t watch the
eclipse .
- If it hadn’t been for playing well , they wouldn’t have won .
-4-
Were I = if I were
EX:
- If I were rich , I would buy a car.
- Were I rich , I would buy a car.
- عندما يطلب البدء ب Were و كان لا يوجد were فلابد أن نطبق التركيبة التالية ..
Were + الفاعل + to + المصدر ………………… , …………………… .
EX:
- If he had enough money , he would travel by plane.
- Were he to have enough money , he would travel by plane.
( Provided / provided that / providing / as long as ) / on condition that / only if / even if = if
EX:
- I will lend you some money if you drive well .
- I will lend you some money provided you drive well .
In case of = if
In case of + ( v.-ing / noun )
In case = if
In case + ( + فاعل فعل )
EX:
- In case of his illness , he won’t go to his office .
- In case he is ill , he won’t go to his office .
Had + فاعل + p.p ………….. , …………. would have + p.p ………… .
Had + فاعل + noun ………….. , …………. would + inf. ………….. .
EX:
- Had he played well , he would have won the match.
- Had he money , he would buy a car .
Should
الحالة الأولى ..
Should + فاعل + inf. +………….…… , +………….…… will + inf. +………….…… .
الحالة الثانية ..
Should + فاعل + inf. +………….…… , +………….…… would + inf. +………….…… .
EX:
- Should he study hard,he will succeed.
- Should I have enough money,I would travel.
النصيحة باستخدام If
- If I were you , I would + inf. +………….…… .
EX:
- If I were you , I would go to the doctor .
Exercise
Choose the correct answer :
1. If it(doesn't rain–won't rain–didn't rain–hadn't rained) tomorrow,I will go for a walk .
2. ( If – Unless – Without – In case of ) danger, call the police .
3. If we heat metals , they ( expanded – would expand – will not expand – expand ) .
4. You will understand the lesson ( unless – except if – as long as – so ) you listen carefully.
5. If she ( read – reads – had read – will read ) the newspaper, she would have known .
6. If I ( am – were – had been – have been ) you, I would apologize to her .
7. If he didn't come,I (would have forgiven–won't forgive–forgive–wouldn't forgive) him .
8. He will pass the test ( except if – unless – if not – only if ) he studies hard .
9. If he arrived early, ( he would – would he – he will – will he ) catch the metro ?
10. ( If – were – had – should ) he to help us, we would be saved .
11. ( If – Should – Were – Unless ) she arrive early, I would help her .
12. ( If – Should – Had – Were ) he played well , he would have won .
13. ( If – Without – Unless – In case of ) coming early, he would miss the train .
14. What ( you will do – would you do – did you do – you did ) if you were rich ?
15. If I were with them , I ( will – may – would – can ) stop the fight .
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences , then write them correctly :
1. If I felt tired , I will go to bed.
2. If I found any money at school , I will take it to the teacher.
3. I will tell you if I saw anything unusual .
4. If you haven't taken the photos, I wouldn't have remembered our holiday.
5. Water will freeze if the temperature is zero or below.
6. If you throw that stone, you break a window.
7. If she trains hard , she wins next week's race.
8. If he arrives early , he will catch the bus ?
9. If you will mix red and white , you get pink .
Choose the correct answer from a , b , c or d :
1) I think it ......... a great party if the music wasn't so slow.
a) 'II be b) 'd be c) would have d) should have
2) If I ........... a lot of money, I would buy a new bike.
a) had had b) had c) have d) have had
3) What ......... you do if your dog ran away ?
a) will b) may c) can d) would
4) He would talk to you if you .....................nicer to him .
a) are b) have c) were d) was
5) If he had left on time, he ......... missed the bus.
a) will have b) wouldn't have c) would have d) won't have
6) If people ..................... on the moon, they would be tired and bored
a) live b) lived c) had lived d) have lived
7) ......................... we go now, we won't catch the bus.
a) If b) Unless c) As long as d) Without
8) If it .................. rained yesterday, we would have had a nice time.
a) hadn't b) hasn't c) didn't d) doesn't
9) If you push this button, the machine .......................... .
a) starts b) would start c) start d) will start
lO)Many animals are aggressive. If you .................. too near to them , they bite your.
a) come b) came c) will d) had come
12)If Autumn comes , deciduous trees أشجار تفقد أوراقها فى الخريف .................... their leaves .
a) losing b) will lose c) lose d) would lose
13)If you ...................... now, you'll be able to catch the 5 o'clock train .
a) leaves b) are leaving c) will leave d) left
14) ........................ it be too early for you if we were to meet at 9 ?
a) Will b)May c) Can d) Would
15)If you hear any news , ........................ you let me know immediately ?
a) would b) could c) can d) might
16) I'd go to the concert ......................... I were busy .
a) if b) unless c) in case of d) but for
17)If water boils , it .................... into steam .
a) returns b) solidifies c) freezes d) turns
18)If you heat a metal, it .................... .
a) expanded b) will expand c) expands d) would expand
19) If I ........................ rich , I'd buy a car.
a) have been b) had been c) were d) will be
20) ......................... he study hard, he will get high marks .
a) If b)Were c) Should d) Had
21) .................. the election to be held today , our party would win easily .
a) Were b) Had c) If d) Should
22)We'll never get to the meeting if the train .................. within five minutes.
a) don't leave b) doesn't leave c) leave d) didn't leave
23)Had they not rushed Ali to hospital, he ......................... .
a) will die b) would have died c) would die d) might die
25) .................... finishing my work early, I wouldn't be able to visit you .
a) Unless b) If c) Without d) In case of
26)Take this medicine with you ......................... you feel tired .
a) if it b) unless c) in case d) without
27)Don't leave the TV on ......................... you aren't watching it.
a) if b) unless c) without d) in case of
28)If it .................... for your help , I wouldn't have finished this book .
a) weren't b) isn't c) hasn't d) hadn't been
29) You can't travel on this train .................... you have a reservation.
a) if b) in case c) unless d) as long as
30) I'll be angry if it .................... out that you are wrong .
a) turned b) turns c) turning d) had turned
31) The bus won't stop ......................... you wave to it.
a) if b) unless c) though d) so
32) If Ramez gets up early, he ......................... the morning train .
a) would catch b) would have caught c) will catch d) might catch
33) ...................... you drive well, you won't get a licence .
a) If b) In case c) As long as d) Unless
34) If you answer well, you ......................... a reward .
a) would get b) wouldn't get c) will get d) won't get
35) Take this medicine ......................... you feel tired .
a) if b) unless c) in case of d) without
36) Don't leave the building ......................... I tell you .
a) if b) unless c) in case of d) without
37) The baby won't sleep unless you ......................... him a story .
a) told b) tells c) tell d) telling
38) Baher......................... the university unless he gets high marks .
a) wouldn't join b) won't join c) will join d) may join
39) If you ......................... to fail, study hard .
a) doesn't want b) don't want c) won't want d) didn't want
40) The teacher may punish you ........................ arriving late at school
a) if b) in case of c) in case d) unless
41) ......................... not having a ticket, you won't be admitted .
a) Unless b) If c) Without d) In case of
42) You ......................... mistakes if you are careful.
a) will make b) won't make c) would make d) wouldn't make
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences, then write them correctly :
1) I wouldn't go on holiday if I don't have enough money .
2) If you are leaving now , you'd be able to attend the first lecture .
3) Your English will get better in case of you have some courses in English .
4) You can't get a room in the hotel unless you had a reservation .
5) Unless taking the medicine properly , your cough will get worse .
6) Unless you were patient, you won't be an efficient teacher.
7) Don't leave the computer on for so long if you are using it.
8) I think it'll be a great party if the music wasn't slow.
Connectors
فـاعـل الجملة الأولـى
as well as
along with
in addition to
besides
فـاعـل الجمـلة الثانيـة + فعـل يتبع الفاعل الأول
للربـــط بيـن فـاعليـــن
EX:
- I as well as he am clever .
فـاعـل الجملة الأولـى
as well as
along with
in addition to
besides
+ ( v.-ing )
للربــــط بيـن فعليـــن
EX:
- He bought the book as well as studying the lesson .
Connectors purpose
because of – owing to
due to – for
noun or ( v. + ing )
on account of - thanks to
Being + ( adjective ) صـفــــة
EX:
- The girls are very jealous of her because she is very beautiful.
- The girls are very jealous of her due to her beauty .
- Being very beautiful, the girls are very jealous of her .
( because , since , as )لأن
- هذه الروابط يأتى بعدها فاعل ثم فعل
EX:
- I turned the heating on because it was cold .
- Since ( As ) it was cold , I turned the heating on.
( to , in order to , so as to ) + inf. لكـــــــــــى
( so that / in order that ) +الفاعل + can / could / may / might / would + inf.
EX:
- He works hard to succeed .
- He works hard so that he can succeed .
Connectors of contrast
( although , though , even though , however , whatever , as )
- هذه المجموعة يأتى بعدها فاعل ثم فعل
(in spite of,despite + (noun/v.-ing)
- ملاحظات هامة :
However
- يمكن أن تأتى فى البداية أو المنتصف .
……………………… . However , ……………………………… .
……………………… , however ……………………………… .
However + adj. + sub. + v. …….....…… , ……........…… .
1. He was ill . However he went to school .
2. However ill he was , he went to school .
as
صفة + as + فعل + فاعل
- Clever as he is,he can’t answer all the questions.
Whatever
Whatever فعل + فاعل + اسم , جملة ثانية
EX:
- Whatever the exam is,he can answer the questions.
- Whatever cleverness he has , he can’t answer all the questions .
Connectors of result
(so , therefore , consequently , that’s why )
as a result of + ( v.-ing / noun ) لـــــــــــــذلــك
EX:
- It was cold so/therefore I turned the heating on .
(in addition/in addition to) بالإضافة إلى
in addition يأتى بعدها فاعل ثم فعل
in addition to يأتى بعدها اسم
EX:
- In addition to the art museum,the city has a fine theatre .
- The city has a fine theatre , in addition it has an art museum .
جمـــلة مثبتـة and so فعــل مسـاعــد أو نـاقــص فــاعـــل
جمـــلة منفيـة and neither فعــل مسـاعــد أو نـاقــص فــاعـــل
EX:
- He is a student and so am I .
- He isn’t a student and neither am I
- Ali plays the guitar well and so do I .
- Ali doesn’t play the guitar well and neither do I .
( both …… and …… )كلاً من ..
- الفعل لابد أن يكون فى حالة الجمع
EX:
- Both Ali and Ahmed are clever .
( either …… or …… )
( neither …… nor …… )
- الفعل لابد أن يتبع الفاعل الثانى
EX:
- Either my parents or my brother is out .
- Neither Ali nor my brothers are out .
( not only …… but also ……. )
ليس فقط ...ولكن أيضاً ...
إذا إستعملت not only فى بداية الجملة.. يوضع الفعل بعدها فى صيغة الإستفهام ..(أى لابد أن يأتى بعدها فعل مساعد)
EX:
- Not only does he listen carefully in class , but also he works hard at home .
- Not only does he listen carefully in class ,but he works hard at home as well .
عندما يكون الفاعل مختلف فى الجملتين و الفعل مشترك الفعـــــــــــل يتـبــــــــــــع الفـــــــاعـــل الثــــانى
EX:
- Not only my sisters but also my brother is coming .
- Not only my sister but also my parents are coming .
too …… to
Such a/an ……… that ……….
- too + adj. + to + inf. …………….
- such ( a/an + adj. + n. ) + that ……….
EX:
- My father was too tired to work .
- It is such an interesting story that I read it twice .
Exercise
Choose the correct answer :
1. They have gone to the seaside ……… change the scenery.
a. so as to b. because c. so as to d. due to
2. He went to England ………… he could complete his medical studies.
a. in order to b. so that c. as d. because of
3. She went to the market …………… buy some fruit .
a. in order to b. in order that c. so that d. because
4. I missed the train ………… I got up late .
a. because b. despite c. although d. so that
5. They were missed …………… their bad manners .
a. because b. despite c. owing to d. however
6. I couldn’t walk …………… my leg was broken .
a. because of b. as c. although d. so that
7. He didn’t go to work …………… his illness .
a. despite b. so that c. because d. on account of
8. We will never trust him ………… he deceived us .
a. because of b. since c. although d. however
9. Sadek enjoyed the match , …… he left before the end .
a. despite b. owing to c. although d. however
10. He lost his job …………… his good record .
a. in spite of b. although c. because d. so that
11. ………… strong he is , he can’t carry this heavy bag.
a. In spite of b. Although c. However d. Because
12. He refused to drink anything ………… he was thirsty .
a. because b. although c. since d. so that
13. He arrived very late …… he wasn’t allowed to enter .
a. so that b. despite c. because d. consequently
14. He didn’t expect to win,……… he was delighted when he got the
gold medal .
a. so b. because c. if d. as
15. Merchants traded ideas …………… goods .
a. in addition b. as well as c. in spite of d. without
16. …………… he was a biginner , he won the gold medal .
a. Because b. However c. Unless d. Even though
17. ………… you are too young , you can’t vote .
a. So b. However c. Unless d. As
18. Neither he nor his friends …………… French .
a. speak b. speaks c. spoken d. is speaking
19. ……… I had checked my homework , the teacher found a mistake .
a. Unless b. However c. Since d. Although
Choose the correct answer from a , b , c or d :
1) While reading the newspaper, I ......................... asleep .
a) had fallen b) have fallen c) was falling d) fell
2) Fady doesn't look happy ...................... I'm sure he passed the exam
a) because b) because of c) although d) despite
3) I won't go to the cinema ......................... not going with me .
a) provided b) as long as c) if d) in case of
4) I've heard of Jonathan Swift . ................. , I didn't know he wrote Gulliver's Travels .
a) Although b) However c) Because d) So
5) ......................... working as a politician , Swift was a churchman .
a) As well as b) Because c) Although d) If
6) They captured Gulliver......................... tied him to the ground .
a) so b) when c) but d) and
7) The match went ahead ......................... the bad weather.
a) but b) in spite of c) although d) yet
8) The company had to change the plans ........................... some unexpected problems .
a) because b) as c) owing to d) since
9) The bus won't stop ......................... you wave to it.
a) if b) unless c) though d) so
10) ......................... the cafe was crowded , we found a table .
a) Whatever b) However c) Although d) Despite
11) I'd like you to do exercise A ......................... the composition .
a) in addition to b) in addition c) as well d) but
12) If Ramez gets up early, he ......................... the morning train .
a) would catch b) would have caught c) will catch d) might catch
13) ...................... you drive well, you won't get a licence .
a) If b) In case c) As long as d) Unless
14) Soha can't come in ......................... the door is locked .
a) due to b) because c) though d) because of
15) ......................... his cleverness, he failed the exam.
a) Though b) However c) Despite d) Although
16) If you answer well , you ......................... a reward .
a) would get b) wouldn't get c) will get d) won't get
17) A number of people have come to the party .............. Amr and Alaa .
a) beside b) in addition c) so d) besides
18) Wael, as well as all his friends ,......................... clever.
a) are b) is c) were d) am
19) Take this medicine ......................... you feel tired .
a) if b) unless c) in case of d) without
20) I was cautious , ......................... I was taken in by his tricks .
a) although b) in spite of c) however d) though
21) ...................... her qualifications, she was not accepted for the job .
a) In spite of b) Although c) Though d) But
22) Don't leave the building ......................... I tell you .
a) if b) unless c) in case of d) without
23) I went to live in the town ......................... I could get a job .
a) in order to b) because c) to d) so that
24) ......................... poor he was , he was always neatly dressed .
a) Though b) But c) However d) Whatever
25) The baby won't sleep unless you ......................... him a story .
a) told b) tells c) tell d) telling
26) We couldn't see last night's lunar eclipse ....................... the heavy clouds.
a) owing to b) because c) as d) but
27) Baher......................... the university unless he gets high marks .
a) wouldn't join b) won't join c) will join d) may join
28) ...................... Heba was frightened, she went out alone late at night.
a) Even though b) However c) Because d) As
29) Intelligent ......................... he is , he finds it difficult to express his ideas in writing.
a) however b) but c) as d) so
30) If you ......................... to fail , study hard .
a) doesn't want b) don't want c) won't want d) didn't want
31) I was feeling awful ......................... I had to go outside .
a) although b) so c) but d) because
32) The teacher may punish you ........................ arriving late at school
a) if b) in case of c) in case d) unless
33) ......................... quickly he runs , he can't catch the train .
a) However b) As c) Although d) Despite
34) ......................... not having a ticket, you won't be admitted .
a) Unless b) If c) Without d) In case of
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences, then write them correctly :
1) Lazy however he is , he gets high marks .
2) I wouldn't go on holiday if I don't have enough money .
3) Because of they are farmers , they have to get up early .
4) It was midday although I turned on the light.
5) If you are leaving now , you'd be able to attend the first lecture .
6) Despite he was tired , the noise kept him awake all night.
7) Your English will get better in case of you have some courses in English .
8) As the film was interesting , I didn't enjoy it.
9) You can't get a room in the hotel unless you had a reservation .
10) I felt unwell therefore I stayed up late last night .
11) Unless taking the medicine properly , your cough will get worse .
12) It was cold , because I turned the heating on .
13) You can't drive a car because you've got a licence .
14) However he is weak , he can carry this heavy bag .
15) Unless you were patient, you won't be an efficient teacher.
16) Though familiar his face looked, I couldn't remember meeting him before .
17) He ran out of money , but he had to look for a job .
18) You could see me easily due to I was wearing a red jumper.
19) This man didn't have any talent although he became a popular TV personality.
20) Don't leave the computer on for so long if you are using it.
The Past Perfect Tense
- Formation : had + P.P
EX:
- By the time we arrived , the bus had left .
- By 10 o’clock , The bus had left .
connectors
after, as soon as , because , before , by the time , when
هذه الروابط تربط بين حدثين تما فى الماضى .. الحدث الذى يتم أولاً زمنه يكون ماضى تام .. و الفعل الأخر زمنه يكون ماضى بسيط ....
after
* after past perfect , past simple .
* past simple after past perfect
EX:
- After he had eaten his lunch,he drank coffee.
- He drank coffee after he had eaten his lunch.
* past simple after v.-ing
EX:
- After eating his lunch, he drank coffee.
as soon as
* As soon as past perfect , past simple .
* past simple as soon as past perfect
EX:
- As soon as he had eaten his lunch, he drank coffee.
- He drank coffee as soon as he had eaten his lunch.
till / until
* ………………………… till / until …………………….
EX:
- I didn’t take him round the garden until / till he had had some rest .
Because
* past simple because past perfect
EX:
- His father gave him a present because he had succeeded.
Before
* Before past simple , past perfect
* past perfect before past simple
EX :
- Before he drank coffee, he had eaten his lunch.
- He had eaten his lunch before he drank coffee.
* Before v.+ing , past perfect
EX:
- Before drinking coffee, he had eaten his lunch.
By the time
* By the time past simple , past perfect
* past perfect by the time past simple
EX:
- By the time he drank coffee, he had eaten his lunch.
When
(1)
* When past simple , past perfect
* past perfect when past simple
* past simple when past simple
القاعدةالسابقة تطبق على when عندما تكون بمعنى before
EX:
- When he drank coffee, he had eaten his lunch.
- He had eaten his lunch when he drank coffee.
(2)
* When past perfect , past simple
* past simple when past perfect
القاعدةالسابقة تطبق على when عندما تكون بمعنى after
EX:
- When he had eaten his lunch , he drank coffee.
- He drank his lunch when he had eaten coffee.
(3)
past simple when past simple
نستخدم القاعدة السابقة عندما نتحدث عن فعلين تما فى وقت متقارب أو حدثا سويا
لاحظ الفرق بين الجملتين
EX:
1. When we reached the airport, the plane had taken off.
2. When we reached the airport, the plane took off.
الجملة الأولى..تعنى أن الطائرة غادرت المطار قبل وصولهم .
الجملة الثانية..تعنى أنهم وصلوا فى اللحظة التى غادرت الطائرة فيها المطار .
- عندما نجد by .. ثم وقت .. فلابد أن يكون زمن هذه الجملة ماضى تام ..
EX:
- I had finished my homework by one o’clock .
Having
Having + p.p ………………… , ……………………… .
EX:
- Having eaten his lunch , he drank coffee .
No sooner / Hardly / Scarcely
* No sooner + helping verb + فاعل + p.p + ………… than ……….
* Hardly/Scarcely+ helping verb + فاعل + p.p + ……… when ………… .
EX:
- No sooner had he entered the building than it collapsed .
- Hardly / Scarcely had he entered the building when it collapsed .
Sub. + had + [ no sooner/scarcely/hardly]+p.p+[than / when]+ past simple
EX:
- he had no sooner entered the building than it collapsed .
- he had [Hardly / Scarcely] entered the building when it collapsed .
Immediately on / Shortly after / on / after / before
Immediately on / Shortly after + ( v.-ing / noun )
EX:
- Immediately on his arrival, the phone rang .
- It was only when … past perfect …. that … past simple ….
- It wasn’t until … past perfect …. that … past simple ….
Ex:
- It was only when I had reached the station that the train left .
- It wasn’t until I had reached the station that the train left .
Exercise
Choose the correct answer from a , b , c or d :
1)When the old man woke up , he found out that the train .......................
a- leaves b- leaving c- will leave d- had left
2) ................... seeing the snake , she felt scared.
a- As soon as b- When c- By the time d- On
3) She didn't enjoy skiing ..................... she had learned to stop safely.
a- till b- after c- so d- when
4) After .................... his homework , he felt relieved and relaxed .
a- had finished b- finished c- finishing d- finish
5) I .............. realize my mistakes until I had checked the report many times .
a- didn't b- hadn't c- don't d- won't
6) The TV didn't work ......................... the electricity had cut out .
a- while b- because c- before d- by the time
7) Having ......................... his degree , he began looking for a job.
a- get b- gets c- getting d- got
8) No sooner....................... written the report than he phoned the boss.
a- had he b- he had c- has he d- he did
9) I didn't open the door......................... I had found my key .
a- before b- while c- until d- when
10) After..................... my homework , I watched the film .
a- doing b- had done c- did d- do
11) After I had gone home , I realized that I ............... my wallet at the shop.
a- had forgotten b- forgot c- forget d- have forgotten
12)I ...................... the question until I had read it carefully .
a- won't answer b- can't answer c- didn't answer d- don't answer
13) Hardly had he left home ....................... it began to rain .
a- that b- when c- then d- than
14) We had no sooner arrived ......... we were asked to attend the meeting.
a- than b- when c- that d- until
15) When I handed the examination paper to the teacher, I found that I ........... some mistakes.
a- will make b- had made c- make d- was making
16) He went to bed ......................... he had brushed his teeth .
a- before b- while c- after d- until
17) When I arrived at the station , the train ........................ so I missed it.
a- left b- had left c- leave d- leaves
17) When I had arrived at the station , the train ........................ so I caught it.
a- left b- had left c- leave d- leaves
18) By the time I reached the stadium , the match .................... .
a- begins b- began c- has begun d- had begun
19) You have to set your goals ......................... starting any work .
a- before b- as soon as c- after d- when
20) When I reached the office, the boss wasn't there because he ............... earlier.
a- was leaving b- had left c- leaving d- will leave
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences , then write them correctly :
1- After she had saved enough money, she buys a villa .
2-I parked my car before I found a place .
3-I don't start eating till I had washed my hands .
4- When he arrived at the station, the train left , so he missed it.
4- When he arrived at the station, the train left , so he caught it.
5- She bought a car after learned to drive .
6-I bought a computer when learning how to use it perfectly .
7- No sooner had I had my lunch when I went out.
8- My little child didn't sleep when I had told him a story .
9- Hardly she heard the bad news when she broke down .
10- Had done the housework, she went shopping .
12- Having finishing the secondary school, he joined the university .
13- No sooner have I heard her apology than I forgave her.
14- As soon as she had finished work , she had met her friends for coffee .
15-The students don't do the experiment until they had written a report, on it.
16- Before buy my favourite singer's new album , I had listened to it.
17- After Ramy has done the washing up , he watched the football match .
19- Hardly had we eaten the rotten food than we had stomachache .
20- Having leaving the office , she went to a restaurant.
The Future Simple Tense
Formation
يوجد ثلاث طرق للتعبير عن المستقبل
(1) Will + inf.
(2) am / is / are + going to + inf.
(3) am / is / are + v.-ing (the present continuous)
Key words
tomorrow / next / in the future
Use
( استخدامات will)
(1) to predict the future without evidence
EX:
- The weather will be fine tomorrow.
(2) quick decision
EX:
- Father : thetelephone is ringing .
- Son : I will answer it , Dad .
(3) request… الطلب
EX:
-Will you send this letter for me ?
(4) used for stating general fact التصريح بحقائق عامة
EX:
- He will be 17 next month .
(5) to make a threat…..تهديد
EX:
- I won’t play football for the club if you don’t raise my salary.
(6) to make a promise
EX:
- I will lend you the money you want .
(7) with “probably”
EX:
- I will probably travel tomorrow .
( استخدامات going to)
(1) prediction with evidence :
EX:
- The skyis cloudy . I think it is going to rain tomorrow .
(2) intentions and plans النوايا والخطط
Ex:
- Every thing is arranged . I’m going to fly to Aswan next week .
(3)actions that are about to happen…
EX:
-That man is going to fall.
ملحوظة 3
عندما نجد plan / decide / arrange / decide / intend فلابد أن نستخدم going to
am/is/are + v.-ing (The present continuous)
(1) For planned future الأفعال المخصصة لها مسبقا
EX: - I am taking an exam tomorrow .
ملحوظة 4
يمكن التعبير عن المستقبل باستخدام المضارع البسيط و ذلك للتعبير عن الأحداث التى تحدث بصورة متكررة .. وسوف تحدث فى المستقبل فى نفس موعد حدوثها المعتاد ...
EX: - The plane leaves London at 6 a.m. and it arrives in Cairo at 11 a.m.
A) Choose the correct answer from a , b, c or d
1) Hady has planned to get married next month . This means he ....... get married next month.
a- will b- shall c- is going to d- would
2) My sister.................. be 14 next month .
a- will b- is going to c- would d- could
3) The doorbell is ringing , I .................. the door.
a- am opening b- am going to open c- open d- will open
4) The water is boiling . I ......................... turn the gas off .
a- will b- am going to c- can't d- won't
6) Osama has decided to go to the match. He ......................... watch it .
a- will b- may c- might d- is going to
7) What's the matter with Gehan ? It looks like she ................... faint .
a- will b- is going to c- can d- is able
8) Look at these black clouds . It ......................... rain .
a- will b- would c- should d- is going to
9) A) Tea or Coffee?
B) I ......................... have coffee better.
a- am going to b- 'll c- might d- may
10) She has arranged to retire next month. She ...................... next month
a- will retire b- may retire c- is retiring d- retires
11) Ola is in hospital, Oh really ? I didn't know . I ................ visit her at once .
a- would b- am going to c- may d-will
12) When do you think you ......................... finish work ?
a- would b- will c- could d- are going to
13) In the year 2020 it is thought that people ......................... smart cars.
a- will drive b- are going to drive c- would drive d- are driving
14) When I've saved up enough money, I ................... buy a digital camera .
a- would b- may c- could d- am going to
15) I feel terrible . I think I ......................... be sick.
a- am going to b- will c- might d- should
16) Ahmed ......................... probably arrive at about 8 o'clock .
a- will b- should c- could d- am going to
17) They intended to buy a big house. They ......................... buy it.
a- may b- are going to c- should d- will
18) They intended to buy a big house. They ......................... it.
a- may b- are buying c- should d- will
19) I hope the stadium .......................... be full for the match on Saturday .
a- is going to b- would c- may d- will
20) I'm sure you ........................ not fail .You are clever enough.
a- will b- might c- should d- are going to
21) A) Oh, you have got the tickets for the play.
B) Yes, I ......................... see it on Friday:
a- would b- will c- should d- am going to
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences, then write them correctly:
1- Don't worry , I am answering the phone at once .
2- The exam is quite easy , the pupils will do it well .
3- I think our team is winning the match .
4- My father has saved enough money , he will buy a new car.
5- I expect Ramy is passing his exams .
6- I'm going to go shopping with you if you like .
7- The sky is clear, it will be fine .
8- Samy has got a visa to Canada . He will go there next month .
9- I'm going to have a cold drink .
11- There is a long queue at the bus stop . The bus will be crowded .
12- It's very hot, I'm opening the window .
13- My uncle is going to be 50 next week .
The indefinite& definite articles
a / an / the
a /an
- نستخدم a قبل الاسم المفرد الذى يعد الذى يبدأ بصوت حرف ساكن ..
- نستخدم an قبل الاسم المفرد الذى يعد الذى يبدأ بصوت حرف متحرك .. (a, e, i, o, u )
Ex:
- A book - an apple
- A school - an orange
- schools
- الوظيفة لابد أن يأتى قبلها a / an
EX:
- I want to be a doctor .
- My father is an engineer .
The
- نستخدم the فى الحالات الآتية ..
1- عندما يكون هناك واحد فقط من الشئ فى الكون ..
The sun / the moon / the earth / the sky
2- عندما نتحدث عن نوع وليس حيوان معين ..
EX:
- The lion is dangerous .
3- عندما نعنى الفكرة العامة لشئ ما ..
The town / the sea / the countryside
4- عندما نتحدث عن اكتشاف أو اختراع ..
EX:
- Who invented the computer ?
5. تستخدم مع السينما و المسرح والراديو و الإنترنت ..
EX:
- I listened to the radio last night .
ولكن نقول ..
- We watched television last night .
6. مع أسماء بعض الدول والجبال والأنهار ..
The Sudan / The Himalayas / The Nile
7. مع أسماء الصحارى ومجموعة الجزر والبحار ..
The Red Sea / The Sahara
8. مع أسماء الكتب المقدسة والصحف ..
The Koran / The Times
9. مع أسماء الآلات الموسيقية بعد أفعال مثل ..
[Listen to / teach / play]
He plays the piano / the guitar .
10. مع جمل المقارنة ..
The more you study , the better you are .
11. قبل صفات التفضيل القصوى ..
The oldest / the youngest
12. قبل الاسم الذى أصبح معرفاً نتيجة ذكره للمرة الثانية ..
EX:
- He gave me a book and a pen , but the book was old .
13. قبل صفات النوع لتكون اسم جمع يمثل طبقة من الناس ...
The poor / the rich / the young / the old
14. قبل الكلمات ..
only , first , second , ..
EX:
- Ramy is the first of the class .
15. قبل التعبيرات التى تدل على الوقت مثل ..
In the morning/in the afternoon/in the evening ..
16. قبل أسماء الفنادق والمطاعم والنوادى ..
The Hilton Hotel / The Metro Cinema
17. قبل الكلمات الآتية ..
Bank / post office / army / airport / shop
- لا نستخدم the فى الحالات الآتية ..
1. مع الاسماء التى تعد فى الجمع عندما نتحدث عنها كمثال بوجه عام ..
Ex:
- Women have the same rights as men .
- Oranges are good for you .
- Professors teach and do research .
- Trees don’t grow without water .
لاحظ ..
أننا نتحدث عن الأسماء السابقة بوجه عام ولكن إذا حددناthe
Ex:
- The apples in the tree are not ripe .
2. مع الأسماء التى لا تعد وتشمل ..
- أسماء الطعام والشراب .. مثل ..
Milk / tea / coffee / butter / bread / cheese ..
- أسماء المواد عندما تستخدم بوجه عام .. مثل ..
glass / wood / gold ..
- الأنشطة .. مثل ..
Smoking / speaking / practising ..
- الألعاب الرياضية .. مثل ..
Football / basketball / running ..
- الأسماء المجردة .. مثل ..
beauty / freedom / love / democracy / happiness ..
- المواد الدراسية .. مثل ..
Science / mathematics / technology / physics ..
- اسماء اللغات .. مثل ..
Arabic / English / French ..
3. قبل اسماء الوجبات ..
Breakfast / lunch / dinner / supper ..
Ex:
- I have breakfast at 7 o’clock .
لاحظ ..
تستخدم the مع اسماء الوجبات فى حالة التحديد(التخصيص)
Ex:
- Are you coming to the dinner we are having at the restaurant tomorrow ?
4. قبل الأماكن الآتية إذا كان الذهاب إليها أو استخدامها للغرض الذى أنشئت من أجله و تستخدم the إذا كان الذهاب إليها لأغراض أخرى ..
School / bed / hospital / prison / court / mosque / church / college ..
Ex:
- The pupils go to school to learn .
لاحظ ..
Ex:
- He went to the school to meet the headmaster .
5. قبل كلمة work بمعنى مكان العمل ..
Ex:
- They leave work at 2 o’clock .
6. قبل كلمة home إذا جاء قبلها return , come , go
Ex:
- The pupils go home at 2 o’clock .
7. كل الألقاب المتبوعة باسم علم .. مثل ..
King Fahd / President Mubarak / Professor Ali
8.قبل اسماء فصول السنة والأعياد .. مثل ..
Summer / winter / autumn / spring
9. قبل الكلمات ..
Mountain / cape ..رأس / lake ..
Lake Victoria , Mount Everest
Exercise
Choose the correct answer from a , b, c or d :
1- What are your plans for.................... future ?
a) a b) an c) some d) the
2- ...................... computers have arrived . Where shall I put them ?
a) The b) A c) No article d) An
3- As I was walking along the street , ............. spider landed on my head .
a) the b) an c) no article d) a
4- This book is ....................... cheapest I could find but not the best.
a) the b) an c) no article d) a
5- Against her parents wishes , she wants to be .................. journalist.
a) the b)that c) a d) this
6 - Are you talking about................... Christmas we spent in Alex ?
a) the b) no c) no article d) some
7- Shall we go out walking on ...................... Friday ? - No , I'm busy this weekend .
a) the b) no article c) some d) a
8- I first went skiing in ................... spring of 2004 .
a) the b) an c) no article d) a
9- It's usually hot and humid in Egypt in ...................... summer.
a) the b) an c) some d) no article
10- The islands of the east coast of................. Malaysia are beautiful .
a) some b) an c) no article d) the
11-.................. meal we had at Wimpy last night was very delicious .
a) The b) A c) An d) No article
12- Look outside , ........................ sky is getting very dark .
a) a b) the c) an d) no article
14- ........................ Nile is the longest river in the world .
a) A b) An c) No article d) The
15- Would you like a tomato ? There's one in ....................... fridge .
a) a b) an c) the d) no article
16- We should help ........................ poor.
a) a b) an c) the d) no article
17- I was thirsty . I was looking for......... shop to buy something to drink.
a) a b) an c) the d) no article
18- ....................... Algebra is a branch of mathematics.
a) The b) A c) An d) No article
19- Ali is .......................... very nice person .
a) a b) an c) the d) no article
20- We had dinner at ................ most expensive restaurant in the town .
a) an b) the c) no article d) a
21- My father works as ................... accountant in a big company .
a) the b) a c) no article d) an
22- Rome is ..................... capital of Italy .
a) a b) an c) the d) no article
23- Where's Samy ? He is in ................. garden .
a) no article b) a c) an d) the
24- What is ......................... largest island in the world ?
a) the b) an c) a d) no article
25- I turned off ..................... light , opened the door and went out.
a) a b) the c) an d) no article
26- My brother is a soldier . He's in ..................... army .
a) no article b) a c) an d) the
27- What's on ..................... television tonight ? A football match .
a) an b) the c) no article d) a
28- France is .................. European country .
a) a b) an c) the d) no article
29- Hosam is learning to play ....................... piano .
a) no article b) a c) an d) the
- Find the mistake in each of the following sentences, then write them correctly:
1- The honesty is a good quality .
2- A young are usually full of energy .
3- Would you like the piece of cake ?
4- Hatem offered me the glass of Coca Cola .
5. that window is made of the glass .
6- A Turkish drink a lot of coffee .
7- A tiger is a very dangerous animal.
8- Please , tell me a time .
9- Egypt is in a north of Africa .
10- Our teacher of English has worked in a United Arab Emirates for 6 years .
11- I found some information about Shakespeare on an internet.
11- The basketball has become a popular sport.
12- It was such the difficult exam .
13- Are you interested in a history ?
14- A blind are in need of our love and care .
15- A Nile is the longest river in the world .
comparison
Choose the correct answer from a , b, c or d :
1- I'm very busy these days. I have ............... spare time than I used to .
a- less b- more c- few d- much
2- I haven't got many tapes . You've got......................... than I have .
a-less b- least c- much d- more
3- Climbing equipment today is .................... than that used in the past .
a- less modern b- modern c- more modern d- the most modern
4- A woolen صوفsuit is not as .................. as the clothing climbers use today.
a- more waterproof b- waterproof c- less waterproof d- most waterproof
5- I hope you are feeling ......................... now .
a- good b- the best c- best d- better
6- I'm going to Lake Nasser next week. We're going ................ than usual.
a-early b- earlier c- most earlier d- earliest
7- Of all teachers , I like the maths teacher ......................... .
a- best b- better c- good d- the best
8- Who is the oldest person ......................... the world ?
a- of b- in c- off d- at
9- It's the most delicious dish I have ......................... had .
a- never b- ever c- even d- yet
10- He is not as ......................... as his brother.
a- tall b- taller c- high d- higher
11- The faster you drive , the ......................... you arrive .
a- early b- earliest c- earlier d- best
12- Who is .................... , your father or your uncle ?
a- old b- oldest c- eldest d- older
13- Challenger Deep is the ......................... place on the earth .
a- deepest b- depth c- deeper d- deep
14- Ramzy, my ......................... brother will help me to do my homework.
a- older b- eldest c- oldest d- old
15- The black car is ......................... expensive than the blue one .
a- little b- the most c- least d- less
16- It is the most exciting book I have ......................... read .
a- still b- yet c- ever d- never
17- Ali is not as ......................... as Waleed.
a- stronger b- strongest c- strong d- strongly
18- Ahmed is ......................... handsome than Amgad.
a- the most b- little c- least d-more
19- Egypt is not..................... hot as the Sudan.
a- such b- too c- very d- so
20-Which is ......................... expensive , a car or a bicycle ?
a- most b- much c- many d- more
The present simple Tense
الفعل فى هذا الزمن له شكلين ..
- المصدر يكون فى أخره s و ذلك مع الضمائر he / she / it و كذلك الاسم المفرد
- المصدر يكون بدون s فى أخره و ذلك مع الضمائر I / you / we / they و الجمع
Usage
- Facts :
- The sun rises in the east .
- habits :
- He plays football every Friday .
Key words
every / usually /always /often / sometimes / never / occasionally / rarely / seldom ..
Negative
( don’t / doesn’t ) + inf. ..
EX:
- I don’t like watching TV .
- He doesn’t swim well .
The present continuous Tense
Formation: ( am / is / are ) + ( v.-ing )
EX: - They are eating now .
Key words:
now / Look ! / Listen ! / at the moment ..
The past simple Tense
Formation :
(1) Regular
- يتم اضافة -ed فى أخر الفعل و ذلك لتحويله إلى ماضيه ..
watch – watched
(2) Irregular
يوجد مجموعة من الأفعال الشاذة التى لابد من حفظ شكل الفعل فى الماضى حيث أنها لا تتبع قاعدة معينة ..
go – went
Key words :
yesterday / last / ago / in the past
Ex:
- I went to Aswan three years ago .
Negative
didn’t + inf.
EX:
- I didn’t like watching TV .
The past continuous Tense
Formation : ( was / were ) + ( v.-ing )
Key words : yesterday / last ..
When / While
When ……… past simple ……………,……………past continuous ………….
…… past continuous ……… when ………… past simple ……………….
While / As / Just as …… past cont. ………,…… past simple …….
……… past simple ……… while / as / Just as …… past cont. …….
While + v.-ing …………,…………… past simple ……….
……… past simple ……………while + v.-ing ……….
While + past cont. …………,…………… past cont. ……….
……… past cont. ……………while + past cont. ……….
Ex. Choose the correct answer :
1) While I ………….. to school , I met my uncle .
a) go b) goes c) going d) was going
2) While we ………….. the lesson , the bell rang .
a) were reading b) was reading c) will read d) reading
3 ) When the teacher came into the classroom , some pupils …….…… a lot of noise .
a) makes b) make c)were making d) will make
4 ) While the thief ……………. over the wall , the policeman saw him .
a) climb b) climbing c) was climbing d) were climbing
5 ) When I …………… up , two planes were flying .
a) look b) looked c) looking d) were looking
6 ) It ……………. when we went out this morning .
a) was raining b) were raining c) will rain d) rains
7) While Ahmed's brothers …………… , Nabil knocked on the door .
a) studied b) were studying c) studies d) study
8) When the teacher entered the class, the pupils …………… silently .
a) read b) reading c) were reading d) was reading
9) As the boys were playing , they ……..…… a loud cry .
a) hear b) will hear c) hears d) heard
10) What ………… doing when I phoned you yesterday ?
a) you were b) were you c) are you d) you are
إعتاد أن ..Used to
…فاعل… used to + inf.
نستخدم تلك التركيبة عندما نتحدث عن فعل كان يحدث فىالماضى
وأصبح لا يحدث الأن ..
…فاعل… (am/is/are/was/were)used to + v.-ing
- نستخدم تلك التركيبة عندما نتحدث عن فعل كان يحدث فى الماضى وأصبح لا يحدث الأن فى حالة وضع was / were..
- نستخدم تلك التركيبة عندما نتحدث عن فعل كان يحدث فى الماضى ومازال يحدث الأن فى حالة وضع am / is / are..
EX:
- I used to smoke when I was young .
- I am used to smoking .
The Present Perfect Tense
Formation
have / has + p.p
Ex:
- I have lived in Cairo since 1999 .
- He has visited Aswan.
Negative: have / has + not + p.p
Ex:
- I have not lived in Cairo since 1999 .
- He has not visited Aswan.
Key words
For / since / ever / never / yet / just / already / recently / lately / so far / ( first , second , third , … ) / up to now ..
For
معناها : منذ/ لمدة
For + رقم + (seconds / minutes / hours / days / weeks
/ months / years …)
For a long time
Ex:
- I have lived in Cairo for seven years .
- I have studied English for the last week.
لاحــظ : استخــدام for فى هـذه الجمـلة لوجــود the قبــل المـدة الزمنيــة .
Since منذ
Since +
( اسم يوم / اسم شهر / تاريخ / وقت / جملة زمنها ماضى بسيط)
عندما نجد last نختار since
EX:
- I have lived in Cairo since 1999.
- They have played since 9 o’clock.
- I haven’t seen Ali since he left school.
- Ramy has stayed in that hotel since last Monday.
- Ramy has stayed in that hotel since last May.
since كـأداة ربــط .
مضــارع تــام since ماضى بسيـــط
EX:
- I have played football since I was seven.
- She has studied English since she finished secondary school.
A very important structure :
It is / It's + فتـرة زمنية + since + ماضى بسيـط
It has been / It's been + فتـرة زمنية + since + ماضى بسيـط
EX:
- It is a long time since I visited my friend.
Ex. Add (since or for) to these sentences:
1. Mr Rami has been my Maths teacher ……………. three years .
2. I have lived in this town ……………. December.
3. He has been ill ……………. last Monday .
4. It has rained ……………. two hours .
5. He has been absent from school ……………. three weeks .
6. This servant has worked for me ……………. seven years .
7. I have been awake ……………. 7 o'clock .
8. He hasn't been to bed ……………. yesterday .
9. I have known him ……………. years .
10. I have worn those shoes ……………. years .
11. He has been my friend ……………. we were children.
12. I have been in this school…………….eleven years .
13. I have been in the library……………. the bell rang .
14. I haven't seen him ……………. last year .
15. I haven't seen him ……………. months .
16. They haven't had any food ……………. twelve hours .
Ever
معناها : قبل ذلك
تأتى فى السؤال الذى يبدأ بـ Have/Has
EX:
- Have you ever visited Aswan ?
never
معناها : أبداً
تأتى بعد have/has من أجل النفى وتعمل عمل not
EX:
- I have never visited Aswan .
Yet
معناها: ليس بعد
تأتى فى نهاية الجملة المنفية و نهاية السؤال فى زمن المضارع التام
EX:
- I have not visited Aswan yet.
Just / already
معناها : توا
يأتيان بعد have/has فى الجملة المثبتة
EX:
- I have just eaten.
lately / recently
lately النفي و السؤال recently الإثبات و السؤال
EX:
- They have visited me recently.
- I haven't seen her lately.
- Have you finished your homework recently / lately ?
Ex. Choose the correct answer :
1. I haven’t eaten breakfast ………………. ( already / yet )
2. she has …………… drunk water . ( yet / just )
3. Have you ………………… played tennis ? ( ever / never )
4. No , they have ……………… . ( ever / never )
5. I have ……………… been to Aswan before . ( never / ever / just )
6. We have not played ………………… . ( yet / ago / ever )
7. They have ………………… eaten fish . ( for / since / never )
8. We haven't finished our work ………. ( yet / since / for )
9. Have you ……… been to Syria ? ( yet / ago / ever )
10. He hasn't finished his work ……………… . ( yet / since / for )
ملاحظات هامة ..
- ( have , has ) been to ..ذهب إلى مكان و عاد منه
- ( have , has ) gone to .. بعد ذهب إلى مكان و لم يعود منه
EX:
- They have been to Aswan . (They went there and came back)
- They have gone to Aswan. (They went there and they’re still there)
A) Choose the correct answer from a , b, c or d :
1) I first met her a long time ...................... .
a. before b. ago c. yet d. for
2) I enjoy playing football game. I .......................... it every weekend .
a. play b. am playing c. playing d. played
3) It's years since we ...................... football .
a. played b. have played c. have been playing d. play
4) When I was young , I ...................... by the sea .
a. living b. have lived c. live d. used to live
5) He was listening carefully while they ..................... the plan to him .
a. explained b. were explaining c. explaining d. explain
6) I've wanted an assistant ...................... a long time .
a. since b. when c. from d. for
7) Heba always .............. off her computer the moment she finishes using it.
a. switch b. switches c. switched d. switching
8) This is the first time we ...................... to a theatre .
a. had been b. have been c. went d. was going
9) The girls haven't tidied this room ...................... a week .
a. since b. for c. ago d. from
10) The train .......................... at 9.00 every morning .
a. leave b. leaves c. left d. has left
11) Osama ................. a letter when his mother came home .
a. writing b. is writing c. wrote d. was writing
12) It's a month ...................... I last went to the club .
a. since b. when c. ago d. for
13) That boy talks too much . He .......................... .
a. is always talking b. always talk c. talks always d. always talking
14) I haven't seen my grandfather ...................... the summer .
a. ago b. for c. since d. from
15) While I ..................... to school this morning , I met an old friend .
a. is coming b. was coming c. coming d. come
16) I .......................... at a sports shop . It's a permanent job .
a. work b. working c. worked d. am working
17) I ...................... several jobs since I left school .
a. had b. have c. have had d. had had
18) My mother .......................... the dinner now .
a. cooks b. is cooked c. is cooking d. has cooked
19) Osama was reading a story while Rania .................. her homework.
a. did b. do c. was doing d. does
20) Look ! Our team .......................... well, I think they will win .
a. play b. plays c. is playing d. played
21) Your younger brother Samy ................ very quiet recently . Is he OK?
a. was b. has been c. had been d. will be
22) The boys haven't eaten anything ...................... yesterday .
a. for b. ago c. since d. at
23) My brother became a teacher ...................... 1994 .
a. since b. in c. ago d. for
24) A : Have Susan and Jehan ever met each other ?
B : No , they have ...................... met each other .
a. often b. frequently c. never d. seldom
25) I'll sleep until my mother .......................... me up .
a. wake b. had waken c. wakes d. waked
26) Yesterday , while I was walking in the park, I saw lots of children .................. .
a. have played b. were playing c. playing d. played
27)The manager gave him permission half an hour ............... .
a. since b. for c. ago d. then
28) Up to now, they have not decided how to spend the weekend ............. .
a. already b. just c. yet d. never
29) So far, there ............... no life on the moon .
a. is b. was c. had been d. has been
B. Find the mistake in each of the following sentences , then write them correctly :
1. Amgad has gone to Italy for a month .
His visit came to an end .
2. While we spoke , the mobile phone rang .
3. Ahmed Shawki writes some beautiful poetry .
4. Just as they had lunch , a fire broke out.
5. While I travelled to Alex., my car broke down .
6. Noha used to working here .
7. I haven't visited my aunt since a year.
8. The sun is giving us heat and light.
9. We occasionally travelled to Sohag to visit our
aunt who lives there .
10. Azmi arrived at school late every day .
11. I used to smoking a lot.
D- The Novel
7) (A) Answer the following questions:
1- What did the robbers use to see through the wall ?
2- How did the machine show what was behind the walls ?
3- What did the robbers do in order not to be seen ?
B) Read the following quotation and then answer the questions:.
" Get them off me "!
1- Who was the speaker ? to whom ?
2- What was he speaking about ?
3- What happened to him ?
C) Complete the following sentences
1- The four robbers were all killed by ………………………………………… …………………………. .
2- It was an unknown species of spider because ………………………………………… ……………. .
E- Writing
8) Write a paragraph of seven (8) sentences about:
"A new invention or discovery which will change our life to the better"
Use the following guiding points:
- What this invention or discovery is - Who invented or discovered it
- Why it is important - How it will change our life to the better
F- Translation
9) A) Translate into Arabic .
Great efforts are exerted to develop the industry of information technology in Egypt as it is the language which the world is communicating with at present and for long years to come . The government has encouraged it by reducing taxes and eliminating restrictions on imports .
B- Translate into English:
1- أجــرى جــراح القلـب المشهــور عــدة عمليـات ناجحــة مجـانـا.
2- العمل الجاد هـو الطريق الوحيد للنجاح .
قـــاعــــــدة IF
- The zero conditional ..
If ……… present simple ……,……… present simple ……… .
EX:
- If we heat water , it boils .
- The first conditional ..
If ……… present simple ……… , ……… will + inf. ………
EX:
- If you make much effort , you will get high marks.
انتبه للحالتين الأتيتين..
If ……… present simple ……… , Inf. ……………………………
If ……… present cont, / present perfect ……… , ……… will + inf. ………
EX:
- If you want to get high marks , study hard .
- If you are playing now , your father will be angry .
- If you have played , your father will be angry .
- The second conditional ..
If ……… past simple ………, ……… would + inf. ……… .
EX:
- If he didn’t play well , he would lose the match .
معلومة هامة :
نستخدم were مع كل الضمائر فى الحالة الثانية من قاعدة if
EX:
- If I were very rich , I would buy a plane .
- The third conditional ..
If ……… past perfect ……… , ……… would have + p.p ……… .
had + p.p
EX:
- If he had played well , he would have won .
-1-
Unless = if not
EX:
- If he earns much money , he will buy a car.
- Unless he earns much money , he will not buy a car.
-2-
But for / without = ( Unless / if not )
but for + ( noun / v.-ing )
without + ( noun / v.-ing )
EX:
- But for studying well , I wouldn’t succeed.
- Without his father’s advice , he would have been imprisoned .
-3-
- if it weren’t for + v.-ing ……….. , …… would + inf. …………… 2
- if it hadn’t been for + v.-ing ……….. , …… would have + p.p …………… 3
EX:
- If it weren’t for the protective glasses , I wouldn’t watch the
eclipse .
- If it hadn’t been for playing well , they wouldn’t have won .
-4-
Were I = if I were
EX:
- If I were rich , I would buy a car.
- Were I rich , I would buy a car.
- عندما يطلب البدء ب Were و كان لا يوجد were فلابد أن نطبق التركيبة التالية ..
Were + الفاعل + to + المصدر ………………… , …………………… .
EX:
- If he had enough money , he would travel by plane.
- Were he to have enough money , he would travel by plane.
( Provided / provided that / providing / as long as ) / on condition that / only if / even if = if
EX:
- I will lend you some money if you drive well .
- I will lend you some money provided you drive well .
In case of = if
In case of + ( v.-ing / noun )
In case = if
In case + ( + فاعل فعل )
EX:
- In case of his illness , he won’t go to his office .
- In case he is ill , he won’t go to his office .
Had + فاعل + p.p ………….. , …………. would have + p.p ………… .
Had + فاعل + noun ………….. , …………. would + inf. ………….. .
EX:
- Had he played well , he would have won the match.
- Had he money , he would buy a car .
Should
الحالة الأولى ..
Should + فاعل + inf. +………….…… , +………….…… will + inf. +………….…… .
الحالة الثانية ..
Should + فاعل + inf. +………….…… , +………….…… would + inf. +………….…… .
EX:
- Should he study hard,he will succeed.
- Should I have enough money,I would travel.
النصيحة باستخدام If
- If I were you , I would + inf. +………….…… .
EX:
- If I were you , I would go to the doctor .
Exercise
Choose the correct answer :
1. If it(doesn't rain–won't rain–didn't rain–hadn't rained) tomorrow,I will go for a walk .
2. ( If – Unless – Without – In case of ) danger, call the police .
3. If we heat metals , they ( expanded – would expand – will not expand – expand ) .
4. You will understand the lesson ( unless – except if – as long as – so ) you listen carefully.
5. If she ( read – reads – had read – will read ) the newspaper, she would have known .
6. If I ( am – were – had been – have been ) you, I would apologize to her .
7. If he didn't come,I (would have forgiven–won't forgive–forgive–wouldn't forgive) him .
8. He will pass the test ( except if – unless – if not – only if ) he studies hard .
9. If he arrived early, ( he would – would he – he will – will he ) catch the metro ?
10. ( If – were – had – should ) he to help us, we would be saved .
11. ( If – Should – Were – Unless ) she arrive early, I would help her .
12. ( If – Should – Had – Were ) he played well , he would have won .
13. ( If – Without – Unless – In case of ) coming early, he would miss the train .
14. What ( you will do – would you do – did you do – you did ) if you were rich ?
15. If I were with them , I ( will – may – would – can ) stop the fight .
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences , then write them correctly :
1. If I felt tired , I will go to bed.
2. If I found any money at school , I will take it to the teacher.
3. I will tell you if I saw anything unusual .
4. If you haven't taken the photos, I wouldn't have remembered our holiday.
5. Water will freeze if the temperature is zero or below.
6. If you throw that stone, you break a window.
7. If she trains hard , she wins next week's race.
8. If he arrives early , he will catch the bus ?
9. If you will mix red and white , you get pink .
Choose the correct answer from a , b , c or d :
1) I think it ......... a great party if the music wasn't so slow.
a) 'II be b) 'd be c) would have d) should have
2) If I ........... a lot of money, I would buy a new bike.
a) had had b) had c) have d) have had
3) What ......... you do if your dog ran away ?
a) will b) may c) can d) would
4) He would talk to you if you .....................nicer to him .
a) are b) have c) were d) was
5) If he had left on time, he ......... missed the bus.
a) will have b) wouldn't have c) would have d) won't have
6) If people ..................... on the moon, they would be tired and bored
a) live b) lived c) had lived d) have lived
7) ......................... we go now, we won't catch the bus.
a) If b) Unless c) As long as d) Without
8) If it .................. rained yesterday, we would have had a nice time.
a) hadn't b) hasn't c) didn't d) doesn't
9) If you push this button, the machine .......................... .
a) starts b) would start c) start d) will start
lO)Many animals are aggressive. If you .................. too near to them , they bite your.
a) come b) came c) will d) had come
12)If Autumn comes , deciduous trees أشجار تفقد أوراقها فى الخريف .................... their leaves .
a) losing b) will lose c) lose d) would lose
13)If you ...................... now, you'll be able to catch the 5 o'clock train .
a) leaves b) are leaving c) will leave d) left
14) ........................ it be too early for you if we were to meet at 9 ?
a) Will b)May c) Can d) Would
15)If you hear any news , ........................ you let me know immediately ?
a) would b) could c) can d) might
16) I'd go to the concert ......................... I were busy .
a) if b) unless c) in case of d) but for
17)If water boils , it .................... into steam .
a) returns b) solidifies c) freezes d) turns
18)If you heat a metal, it .................... .
a) expanded b) will expand c) expands d) would expand
19) If I ........................ rich , I'd buy a car.
a) have been b) had been c) were d) will be
20) ......................... he study hard, he will get high marks .
a) If b)Were c) Should d) Had
21) .................. the election to be held today , our party would win easily .
a) Were b) Had c) If d) Should
22)We'll never get to the meeting if the train .................. within five minutes.
a) don't leave b) doesn't leave c) leave d) didn't leave
23)Had they not rushed Ali to hospital, he ......................... .
a) will die b) would have died c) would die d) might die
25) .................... finishing my work early, I wouldn't be able to visit you .
a) Unless b) If c) Without d) In case of
26)Take this medicine with you ......................... you feel tired .
a) if it b) unless c) in case d) without
27)Don't leave the TV on ......................... you aren't watching it.
a) if b) unless c) without d) in case of
28)If it .................... for your help , I wouldn't have finished this book .
a) weren't b) isn't c) hasn't d) hadn't been
29) You can't travel on this train .................... you have a reservation.
a) if b) in case c) unless d) as long as
30) I'll be angry if it .................... out that you are wrong .
a) turned b) turns c) turning d) had turned
31) The bus won't stop ......................... you wave to it.
a) if b) unless c) though d) so
32) If Ramez gets up early, he ......................... the morning train .
a) would catch b) would have caught c) will catch d) might catch
33) ...................... you drive well, you won't get a licence .
a) If b) In case c) As long as d) Unless
34) If you answer well, you ......................... a reward .
a) would get b) wouldn't get c) will get d) won't get
35) Take this medicine ......................... you feel tired .
a) if b) unless c) in case of d) without
36) Don't leave the building ......................... I tell you .
a) if b) unless c) in case of d) without
37) The baby won't sleep unless you ......................... him a story .
a) told b) tells c) tell d) telling
38) Baher......................... the university unless he gets high marks .
a) wouldn't join b) won't join c) will join d) may join
39) If you ......................... to fail, study hard .
a) doesn't want b) don't want c) won't want d) didn't want
40) The teacher may punish you ........................ arriving late at school
a) if b) in case of c) in case d) unless
41) ......................... not having a ticket, you won't be admitted .
a) Unless b) If c) Without d) In case of
42) You ......................... mistakes if you are careful.
a) will make b) won't make c) would make d) wouldn't make
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences, then write them correctly :
1) I wouldn't go on holiday if I don't have enough money .
2) If you are leaving now , you'd be able to attend the first lecture .
3) Your English will get better in case of you have some courses in English .
4) You can't get a room in the hotel unless you had a reservation .
5) Unless taking the medicine properly , your cough will get worse .
6) Unless you were patient, you won't be an efficient teacher.
7) Don't leave the computer on for so long if you are using it.
8) I think it'll be a great party if the music wasn't slow.
Connectors
فـاعـل الجملة الأولـى
as well as
along with
in addition to
besides
فـاعـل الجمـلة الثانيـة + فعـل يتبع الفاعل الأول
للربـــط بيـن فـاعليـــن
EX:
- I as well as he am clever .
فـاعـل الجملة الأولـى
as well as
along with
in addition to
besides
+ ( v.-ing )
للربــــط بيـن فعليـــن
EX:
- He bought the book as well as studying the lesson .
Connectors purpose
because of – owing to
due to – for
noun or ( v. + ing )
on account of - thanks to
Being + ( adjective ) صـفــــة
EX:
- The girls are very jealous of her because she is very beautiful.
- The girls are very jealous of her due to her beauty .
- Being very beautiful, the girls are very jealous of her .
( because , since , as )لأن
- هذه الروابط يأتى بعدها فاعل ثم فعل
EX:
- I turned the heating on because it was cold .
- Since ( As ) it was cold , I turned the heating on.
( to , in order to , so as to ) + inf. لكـــــــــــى
( so that / in order that ) +الفاعل + can / could / may / might / would + inf.
EX:
- He works hard to succeed .
- He works hard so that he can succeed .
Connectors of contrast
( although , though , even though , however , whatever , as )
- هذه المجموعة يأتى بعدها فاعل ثم فعل
(in spite of,despite + (noun/v.-ing)
- ملاحظات هامة :
However
- يمكن أن تأتى فى البداية أو المنتصف .
……………………… . However , ……………………………… .
……………………… , however ……………………………… .
However + adj. + sub. + v. …….....…… , ……........…… .
1. He was ill . However he went to school .
2. However ill he was , he went to school .
as
صفة + as + فعل + فاعل
- Clever as he is,he can’t answer all the questions.
Whatever
Whatever فعل + فاعل + اسم , جملة ثانية
EX:
- Whatever the exam is,he can answer the questions.
- Whatever cleverness he has , he can’t answer all the questions .
Connectors of result
(so , therefore , consequently , that’s why )
as a result of + ( v.-ing / noun ) لـــــــــــــذلــك
EX:
- It was cold so/therefore I turned the heating on .
(in addition/in addition to) بالإضافة إلى
in addition يأتى بعدها فاعل ثم فعل
in addition to يأتى بعدها اسم
EX:
- In addition to the art museum,the city has a fine theatre .
- The city has a fine theatre , in addition it has an art museum .
جمـــلة مثبتـة and so فعــل مسـاعــد أو نـاقــص فــاعـــل
جمـــلة منفيـة and neither فعــل مسـاعــد أو نـاقــص فــاعـــل
EX:
- He is a student and so am I .
- He isn’t a student and neither am I
- Ali plays the guitar well and so do I .
- Ali doesn’t play the guitar well and neither do I .
( both …… and …… )كلاً من ..
- الفعل لابد أن يكون فى حالة الجمع
EX:
- Both Ali and Ahmed are clever .
( either …… or …… )
( neither …… nor …… )
- الفعل لابد أن يتبع الفاعل الثانى
EX:
- Either my parents or my brother is out .
- Neither Ali nor my brothers are out .
( not only …… but also ……. )
ليس فقط ...ولكن أيضاً ...
إذا إستعملت not only فى بداية الجملة.. يوضع الفعل بعدها فى صيغة الإستفهام ..(أى لابد أن يأتى بعدها فعل مساعد)
EX:
- Not only does he listen carefully in class , but also he works hard at home .
- Not only does he listen carefully in class ,but he works hard at home as well .
عندما يكون الفاعل مختلف فى الجملتين و الفعل مشترك الفعـــــــــــل يتـبــــــــــــع الفـــــــاعـــل الثــــانى
EX:
- Not only my sisters but also my brother is coming .
- Not only my sister but also my parents are coming .
too …… to
Such a/an ……… that ……….
- too + adj. + to + inf. …………….
- such ( a/an + adj. + n. ) + that ……….
EX:
- My father was too tired to work .
- It is such an interesting story that I read it twice .
Exercise
Choose the correct answer :
1. They have gone to the seaside ……… change the scenery.
a. so as to b. because c. so as to d. due to
2. He went to England ………… he could complete his medical studies.
a. in order to b. so that c. as d. because of
3. She went to the market …………… buy some fruit .
a. in order to b. in order that c. so that d. because
4. I missed the train ………… I got up late .
a. because b. despite c. although d. so that
5. They were missed …………… their bad manners .
a. because b. despite c. owing to d. however
6. I couldn’t walk …………… my leg was broken .
a. because of b. as c. although d. so that
7. He didn’t go to work …………… his illness .
a. despite b. so that c. because d. on account of
8. We will never trust him ………… he deceived us .
a. because of b. since c. although d. however
9. Sadek enjoyed the match , …… he left before the end .
a. despite b. owing to c. although d. however
10. He lost his job …………… his good record .
a. in spite of b. although c. because d. so that
11. ………… strong he is , he can’t carry this heavy bag.
a. In spite of b. Although c. However d. Because
12. He refused to drink anything ………… he was thirsty .
a. because b. although c. since d. so that
13. He arrived very late …… he wasn’t allowed to enter .
a. so that b. despite c. because d. consequently
14. He didn’t expect to win,……… he was delighted when he got the
gold medal .
a. so b. because c. if d. as
15. Merchants traded ideas …………… goods .
a. in addition b. as well as c. in spite of d. without
16. …………… he was a biginner , he won the gold medal .
a. Because b. However c. Unless d. Even though
17. ………… you are too young , you can’t vote .
a. So b. However c. Unless d. As
18. Neither he nor his friends …………… French .
a. speak b. speaks c. spoken d. is speaking
19. ……… I had checked my homework , the teacher found a mistake .
a. Unless b. However c. Since d. Although
Choose the correct answer from a , b , c or d :
1) While reading the newspaper, I ......................... asleep .
a) had fallen b) have fallen c) was falling d) fell
2) Fady doesn't look happy ...................... I'm sure he passed the exam
a) because b) because of c) although d) despite
3) I won't go to the cinema ......................... not going with me .
a) provided b) as long as c) if d) in case of
4) I've heard of Jonathan Swift . ................. , I didn't know he wrote Gulliver's Travels .
a) Although b) However c) Because d) So
5) ......................... working as a politician , Swift was a churchman .
a) As well as b) Because c) Although d) If
6) They captured Gulliver......................... tied him to the ground .
a) so b) when c) but d) and
7) The match went ahead ......................... the bad weather.
a) but b) in spite of c) although d) yet
8) The company had to change the plans ........................... some unexpected problems .
a) because b) as c) owing to d) since
9) The bus won't stop ......................... you wave to it.
a) if b) unless c) though d) so
10) ......................... the cafe was crowded , we found a table .
a) Whatever b) However c) Although d) Despite
11) I'd like you to do exercise A ......................... the composition .
a) in addition to b) in addition c) as well d) but
12) If Ramez gets up early, he ......................... the morning train .
a) would catch b) would have caught c) will catch d) might catch
13) ...................... you drive well, you won't get a licence .
a) If b) In case c) As long as d) Unless
14) Soha can't come in ......................... the door is locked .
a) due to b) because c) though d) because of
15) ......................... his cleverness, he failed the exam.
a) Though b) However c) Despite d) Although
16) If you answer well , you ......................... a reward .
a) would get b) wouldn't get c) will get d) won't get
17) A number of people have come to the party .............. Amr and Alaa .
a) beside b) in addition c) so d) besides
18) Wael, as well as all his friends ,......................... clever.
a) are b) is c) were d) am
19) Take this medicine ......................... you feel tired .
a) if b) unless c) in case of d) without
20) I was cautious , ......................... I was taken in by his tricks .
a) although b) in spite of c) however d) though
21) ...................... her qualifications, she was not accepted for the job .
a) In spite of b) Although c) Though d) But
22) Don't leave the building ......................... I tell you .
a) if b) unless c) in case of d) without
23) I went to live in the town ......................... I could get a job .
a) in order to b) because c) to d) so that
24) ......................... poor he was , he was always neatly dressed .
a) Though b) But c) However d) Whatever
25) The baby won't sleep unless you ......................... him a story .
a) told b) tells c) tell d) telling
26) We couldn't see last night's lunar eclipse ....................... the heavy clouds.
a) owing to b) because c) as d) but
27) Baher......................... the university unless he gets high marks .
a) wouldn't join b) won't join c) will join d) may join
28) ...................... Heba was frightened, she went out alone late at night.
a) Even though b) However c) Because d) As
29) Intelligent ......................... he is , he finds it difficult to express his ideas in writing.
a) however b) but c) as d) so
30) If you ......................... to fail , study hard .
a) doesn't want b) don't want c) won't want d) didn't want
31) I was feeling awful ......................... I had to go outside .
a) although b) so c) but d) because
32) The teacher may punish you ........................ arriving late at school
a) if b) in case of c) in case d) unless
33) ......................... quickly he runs , he can't catch the train .
a) However b) As c) Although d) Despite
34) ......................... not having a ticket, you won't be admitted .
a) Unless b) If c) Without d) In case of
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences, then write them correctly :
1) Lazy however he is , he gets high marks .
2) I wouldn't go on holiday if I don't have enough money .
3) Because of they are farmers , they have to get up early .
4) It was midday although I turned on the light.
5) If you are leaving now , you'd be able to attend the first lecture .
6) Despite he was tired , the noise kept him awake all night.
7) Your English will get better in case of you have some courses in English .
8) As the film was interesting , I didn't enjoy it.
9) You can't get a room in the hotel unless you had a reservation .
10) I felt unwell therefore I stayed up late last night .
11) Unless taking the medicine properly , your cough will get worse .
12) It was cold , because I turned the heating on .
13) You can't drive a car because you've got a licence .
14) However he is weak , he can carry this heavy bag .
15) Unless you were patient, you won't be an efficient teacher.
16) Though familiar his face looked, I couldn't remember meeting him before .
17) He ran out of money , but he had to look for a job .
18) You could see me easily due to I was wearing a red jumper.
19) This man didn't have any talent although he became a popular TV personality.
20) Don't leave the computer on for so long if you are using it.
The Past Perfect Tense
- Formation : had + P.P
EX:
- By the time we arrived , the bus had left .
- By 10 o’clock , The bus had left .
connectors
after, as soon as , because , before , by the time , when
هذه الروابط تربط بين حدثين تما فى الماضى .. الحدث الذى يتم أولاً زمنه يكون ماضى تام .. و الفعل الأخر زمنه يكون ماضى بسيط ....
after
* after past perfect , past simple .
* past simple after past perfect
EX:
- After he had eaten his lunch,he drank coffee.
- He drank coffee after he had eaten his lunch.
* past simple after v.-ing
EX:
- After eating his lunch, he drank coffee.
as soon as
* As soon as past perfect , past simple .
* past simple as soon as past perfect
EX:
- As soon as he had eaten his lunch, he drank coffee.
- He drank coffee as soon as he had eaten his lunch.
till / until
* ………………………… till / until …………………….
EX:
- I didn’t take him round the garden until / till he had had some rest .
Because
* past simple because past perfect
EX:
- His father gave him a present because he had succeeded.
Before
* Before past simple , past perfect
* past perfect before past simple
EX :
- Before he drank coffee, he had eaten his lunch.
- He had eaten his lunch before he drank coffee.
* Before v.+ing , past perfect
EX:
- Before drinking coffee, he had eaten his lunch.
By the time
* By the time past simple , past perfect
* past perfect by the time past simple
EX:
- By the time he drank coffee, he had eaten his lunch.
When
(1)
* When past simple , past perfect
* past perfect when past simple
* past simple when past simple
القاعدةالسابقة تطبق على when عندما تكون بمعنى before
EX:
- When he drank coffee, he had eaten his lunch.
- He had eaten his lunch when he drank coffee.
(2)
* When past perfect , past simple
* past simple when past perfect
القاعدةالسابقة تطبق على when عندما تكون بمعنى after
EX:
- When he had eaten his lunch , he drank coffee.
- He drank his lunch when he had eaten coffee.
(3)
past simple when past simple
نستخدم القاعدة السابقة عندما نتحدث عن فعلين تما فى وقت متقارب أو حدثا سويا
لاحظ الفرق بين الجملتين
EX:
1. When we reached the airport, the plane had taken off.
2. When we reached the airport, the plane took off.
الجملة الأولى..تعنى أن الطائرة غادرت المطار قبل وصولهم .
الجملة الثانية..تعنى أنهم وصلوا فى اللحظة التى غادرت الطائرة فيها المطار .
- عندما نجد by .. ثم وقت .. فلابد أن يكون زمن هذه الجملة ماضى تام ..
EX:
- I had finished my homework by one o’clock .
Having
Having + p.p ………………… , ……………………… .
EX:
- Having eaten his lunch , he drank coffee .
No sooner / Hardly / Scarcely
* No sooner + helping verb + فاعل + p.p + ………… than ……….
* Hardly/Scarcely+ helping verb + فاعل + p.p + ……… when ………… .
EX:
- No sooner had he entered the building than it collapsed .
- Hardly / Scarcely had he entered the building when it collapsed .
Sub. + had + [ no sooner/scarcely/hardly]+p.p+[than / when]+ past simple
EX:
- he had no sooner entered the building than it collapsed .
- he had [Hardly / Scarcely] entered the building when it collapsed .
Immediately on / Shortly after / on / after / before
Immediately on / Shortly after + ( v.-ing / noun )
EX:
- Immediately on his arrival, the phone rang .
- It was only when … past perfect …. that … past simple ….
- It wasn’t until … past perfect …. that … past simple ….
Ex:
- It was only when I had reached the station that the train left .
- It wasn’t until I had reached the station that the train left .
Exercise
Choose the correct answer from a , b , c or d :
1)When the old man woke up , he found out that the train .......................
a- leaves b- leaving c- will leave d- had left
2) ................... seeing the snake , she felt scared.
a- As soon as b- When c- By the time d- On
3) She didn't enjoy skiing ..................... she had learned to stop safely.
a- till b- after c- so d- when
4) After .................... his homework , he felt relieved and relaxed .
a- had finished b- finished c- finishing d- finish
5) I .............. realize my mistakes until I had checked the report many times .
a- didn't b- hadn't c- don't d- won't
6) The TV didn't work ......................... the electricity had cut out .
a- while b- because c- before d- by the time
7) Having ......................... his degree , he began looking for a job.
a- get b- gets c- getting d- got
8) No sooner....................... written the report than he phoned the boss.
a- had he b- he had c- has he d- he did
9) I didn't open the door......................... I had found my key .
a- before b- while c- until d- when
10) After..................... my homework , I watched the film .
a- doing b- had done c- did d- do
11) After I had gone home , I realized that I ............... my wallet at the shop.
a- had forgotten b- forgot c- forget d- have forgotten
12)I ...................... the question until I had read it carefully .
a- won't answer b- can't answer c- didn't answer d- don't answer
13) Hardly had he left home ....................... it began to rain .
a- that b- when c- then d- than
14) We had no sooner arrived ......... we were asked to attend the meeting.
a- than b- when c- that d- until
15) When I handed the examination paper to the teacher, I found that I ........... some mistakes.
a- will make b- had made c- make d- was making
16) He went to bed ......................... he had brushed his teeth .
a- before b- while c- after d- until
17) When I arrived at the station , the train ........................ so I missed it.
a- left b- had left c- leave d- leaves
17) When I had arrived at the station , the train ........................ so I caught it.
a- left b- had left c- leave d- leaves
18) By the time I reached the stadium , the match .................... .
a- begins b- began c- has begun d- had begun
19) You have to set your goals ......................... starting any work .
a- before b- as soon as c- after d- when
20) When I reached the office, the boss wasn't there because he ............... earlier.
a- was leaving b- had left c- leaving d- will leave
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences , then write them correctly :
1- After she had saved enough money, she buys a villa .
2-I parked my car before I found a place .
3-I don't start eating till I had washed my hands .
4- When he arrived at the station, the train left , so he missed it.
4- When he arrived at the station, the train left , so he caught it.
5- She bought a car after learned to drive .
6-I bought a computer when learning how to use it perfectly .
7- No sooner had I had my lunch when I went out.
8- My little child didn't sleep when I had told him a story .
9- Hardly she heard the bad news when she broke down .
10- Had done the housework, she went shopping .
12- Having finishing the secondary school, he joined the university .
13- No sooner have I heard her apology than I forgave her.
14- As soon as she had finished work , she had met her friends for coffee .
15-The students don't do the experiment until they had written a report, on it.
16- Before buy my favourite singer's new album , I had listened to it.
17- After Ramy has done the washing up , he watched the football match .
19- Hardly had we eaten the rotten food than we had stomachache .
20- Having leaving the office , she went to a restaurant.
The Future Simple Tense
Formation
يوجد ثلاث طرق للتعبير عن المستقبل
(1) Will + inf.
(2) am / is / are + going to + inf.
(3) am / is / are + v.-ing (the present continuous)
Key words
tomorrow / next / in the future
Use
( استخدامات will)
(1) to predict the future without evidence
EX:
- The weather will be fine tomorrow.
(2) quick decision
EX:
- Father : thetelephone is ringing .
- Son : I will answer it , Dad .
(3) request… الطلب
EX:
-Will you send this letter for me ?
(4) used for stating general fact التصريح بحقائق عامة
EX:
- He will be 17 next month .
(5) to make a threat…..تهديد
EX:
- I won’t play football for the club if you don’t raise my salary.
(6) to make a promise
EX:
- I will lend you the money you want .
(7) with “probably”
EX:
- I will probably travel tomorrow .
( استخدامات going to)
(1) prediction with evidence :
EX:
- The skyis cloudy . I think it is going to rain tomorrow .
(2) intentions and plans النوايا والخطط
Ex:
- Every thing is arranged . I’m going to fly to Aswan next week .
(3)actions that are about to happen…
EX:
-That man is going to fall.
ملحوظة 3
عندما نجد plan / decide / arrange / decide / intend فلابد أن نستخدم going to
am/is/are + v.-ing (The present continuous)
(1) For planned future الأفعال المخصصة لها مسبقا
EX: - I am taking an exam tomorrow .
ملحوظة 4
يمكن التعبير عن المستقبل باستخدام المضارع البسيط و ذلك للتعبير عن الأحداث التى تحدث بصورة متكررة .. وسوف تحدث فى المستقبل فى نفس موعد حدوثها المعتاد ...
EX: - The plane leaves London at 6 a.m. and it arrives in Cairo at 11 a.m.
A) Choose the correct answer from a , b, c or d
1) Hady has planned to get married next month . This means he ....... get married next month.
a- will b- shall c- is going to d- would
2) My sister.................. be 14 next month .
a- will b- is going to c- would d- could
3) The doorbell is ringing , I .................. the door.
a- am opening b- am going to open c- open d- will open
4) The water is boiling . I ......................... turn the gas off .
a- will b- am going to c- can't d- won't
6) Osama has decided to go to the match. He ......................... watch it .
a- will b- may c- might d- is going to
7) What's the matter with Gehan ? It looks like she ................... faint .
a- will b- is going to c- can d- is able
8) Look at these black clouds . It ......................... rain .
a- will b- would c- should d- is going to
9) A) Tea or Coffee?
B) I ......................... have coffee better.
a- am going to b- 'll c- might d- may
10) She has arranged to retire next month. She ...................... next month
a- will retire b- may retire c- is retiring d- retires
11) Ola is in hospital, Oh really ? I didn't know . I ................ visit her at once .
a- would b- am going to c- may d-will
12) When do you think you ......................... finish work ?
a- would b- will c- could d- are going to
13) In the year 2020 it is thought that people ......................... smart cars.
a- will drive b- are going to drive c- would drive d- are driving
14) When I've saved up enough money, I ................... buy a digital camera .
a- would b- may c- could d- am going to
15) I feel terrible . I think I ......................... be sick.
a- am going to b- will c- might d- should
16) Ahmed ......................... probably arrive at about 8 o'clock .
a- will b- should c- could d- am going to
17) They intended to buy a big house. They ......................... buy it.
a- may b- are going to c- should d- will
18) They intended to buy a big house. They ......................... it.
a- may b- are buying c- should d- will
19) I hope the stadium .......................... be full for the match on Saturday .
a- is going to b- would c- may d- will
20) I'm sure you ........................ not fail .You are clever enough.
a- will b- might c- should d- are going to
21) A) Oh, you have got the tickets for the play.
B) Yes, I ......................... see it on Friday:
a- would b- will c- should d- am going to
Find the mistake in each of the following sentences, then write them correctly:
1- Don't worry , I am answering the phone at once .
2- The exam is quite easy , the pupils will do it well .
3- I think our team is winning the match .
4- My father has saved enough money , he will buy a new car.
5- I expect Ramy is passing his exams .
6- I'm going to go shopping with you if you like .
7- The sky is clear, it will be fine .
8- Samy has got a visa to Canada . He will go there next month .
9- I'm going to have a cold drink .
11- There is a long queue at the bus stop . The bus will be crowded .
12- It's very hot, I'm opening the window .
13- My uncle is going to be 50 next week .
The indefinite& definite articles
a / an / the
a /an
- نستخدم a قبل الاسم المفرد الذى يعد الذى يبدأ بصوت حرف ساكن ..
- نستخدم an قبل الاسم المفرد الذى يعد الذى يبدأ بصوت حرف متحرك .. (a, e, i, o, u )
Ex:
- A book - an apple
- A school - an orange
- schools
- الوظيفة لابد أن يأتى قبلها a / an
EX:
- I want to be a doctor .
- My father is an engineer .
The
- نستخدم the فى الحالات الآتية ..
1- عندما يكون هناك واحد فقط من الشئ فى الكون ..
The sun / the moon / the earth / the sky
2- عندما نتحدث عن نوع وليس حيوان معين ..
EX:
- The lion is dangerous .
3- عندما نعنى الفكرة العامة لشئ ما ..
The town / the sea / the countryside
4- عندما نتحدث عن اكتشاف أو اختراع ..
EX:
- Who invented the computer ?
5. تستخدم مع السينما و المسرح والراديو و الإنترنت ..
EX:
- I listened to the radio last night .
ولكن نقول ..
- We watched television last night .
6. مع أسماء بعض الدول والجبال والأنهار ..
The Sudan / The Himalayas / The Nile
7. مع أسماء الصحارى ومجموعة الجزر والبحار ..
The Red Sea / The Sahara
8. مع أسماء الكتب المقدسة والصحف ..
The Koran / The Times
9. مع أسماء الآلات الموسيقية بعد أفعال مثل ..
[Listen to / teach / play]
He plays the piano / the guitar .
10. مع جمل المقارنة ..
The more you study , the better you are .
11. قبل صفات التفضيل القصوى ..
The oldest / the youngest
12. قبل الاسم الذى أصبح معرفاً نتيجة ذكره للمرة الثانية ..
EX:
- He gave me a book and a pen , but the book was old .
13. قبل صفات النوع لتكون اسم جمع يمثل طبقة من الناس ...
The poor / the rich / the young / the old
14. قبل الكلمات ..
only , first , second , ..
EX:
- Ramy is the first of the class .
15. قبل التعبيرات التى تدل على الوقت مثل ..
In the morning/in the afternoon/in the evening ..
16. قبل أسماء الفنادق والمطاعم والنوادى ..
The Hilton Hotel / The Metro Cinema
17. قبل الكلمات الآتية ..
Bank / post office / army / airport / shop
- لا نستخدم the فى الحالات الآتية ..
1. مع الاسماء التى تعد فى الجمع عندما نتحدث عنها كمثال بوجه عام ..
Ex:
- Women have the same rights as men .
- Oranges are good for you .
- Professors teach and do research .
- Trees don’t grow without water .
لاحظ ..
أننا نتحدث عن الأسماء السابقة بوجه عام ولكن إذا حددناthe
Ex:
- The apples in the tree are not ripe .
2. مع الأسماء التى لا تعد وتشمل ..
- أسماء الطعام والشراب .. مثل ..
Milk / tea / coffee / butter / bread / cheese ..
- أسماء المواد عندما تستخدم بوجه عام .. مثل ..
glass / wood / gold ..
- الأنشطة .. مثل ..
Smoking / speaking / practising ..
- الألعاب الرياضية .. مثل ..
Football / basketball / running ..
- الأسماء المجردة .. مثل ..
beauty / freedom / love / democracy / happiness ..
- المواد الدراسية .. مثل ..
Science / mathematics / technology / physics ..
- اسماء اللغات .. مثل ..
Arabic / English / French ..
3. قبل اسماء الوجبات ..
Breakfast / lunch / dinner / supper ..
Ex:
- I have breakfast at 7 o’clock .
لاحظ ..
تستخدم the مع اسماء الوجبات فى حالة التحديد(التخصيص)
Ex:
- Are you coming to the dinner we are having at the restaurant tomorrow ?
4. قبل الأماكن الآتية إذا كان الذهاب إليها أو استخدامها للغرض الذى أنشئت من أجله و تستخدم the إذا كان الذهاب إليها لأغراض أخرى ..
School / bed / hospital / prison / court / mosque / church / college ..
Ex:
- The pupils go to school to learn .
لاحظ ..
Ex:
- He went to the school to meet the headmaster .
5. قبل كلمة work بمعنى مكان العمل ..
Ex:
- They leave work at 2 o’clock .
6. قبل كلمة home إذا جاء قبلها return , come , go
Ex:
- The pupils go home at 2 o’clock .
7. كل الألقاب المتبوعة باسم علم .. مثل ..
King Fahd / President Mubarak / Professor Ali
8.قبل اسماء فصول السنة والأعياد .. مثل ..
Summer / winter / autumn / spring
9. قبل الكلمات ..
Mountain / cape ..رأس / lake ..
Lake Victoria , Mount Everest
Exercise
Choose the correct answer from a , b, c or d :
1- What are your plans for.................... future ?
a) a b) an c) some d) the
2- ...................... computers have arrived . Where shall I put them ?
a) The b) A c) No article d) An
3- As I was walking along the street , ............. spider landed on my head .
a) the b) an c) no article d) a
4- This book is ....................... cheapest I could find but not the best.
a) the b) an c) no article d) a
5- Against her parents wishes , she wants to be .................. journalist.
a) the b)that c) a d) this
6 - Are you talking about................... Christmas we spent in Alex ?
a) the b) no c) no article d) some
7- Shall we go out walking on ...................... Friday ? - No , I'm busy this weekend .
a) the b) no article c) some d) a
8- I first went skiing in ................... spring of 2004 .
a) the b) an c) no article d) a
9- It's usually hot and humid in Egypt in ...................... summer.
a) the b) an c) some d) no article
10- The islands of the east coast of................. Malaysia are beautiful .
a) some b) an c) no article d) the
11-.................. meal we had at Wimpy last night was very delicious .
a) The b) A c) An d) No article
12- Look outside , ........................ sky is getting very dark .
a) a b) the c) an d) no article
14- ........................ Nile is the longest river in the world .
a) A b) An c) No article d) The
15- Would you like a tomato ? There's one in ....................... fridge .
a) a b) an c) the d) no article
16- We should help ........................ poor.
a) a b) an c) the d) no article
17- I was thirsty . I was looking for......... shop to buy something to drink.
a) a b) an c) the d) no article
18- ....................... Algebra is a branch of mathematics.
a) The b) A c) An d) No article
19- Ali is .......................... very nice person .
a) a b) an c) the d) no article
20- We had dinner at ................ most expensive restaurant in the town .
a) an b) the c) no article d) a
21- My father works as ................... accountant in a big company .
a) the b) a c) no article d) an
22- Rome is ..................... capital of Italy .
a) a b) an c) the d) no article
23- Where's Samy ? He is in ................. garden .
a) no article b) a c) an d) the
24- What is ......................... largest island in the world ?
a) the b) an c) a d) no article
25- I turned off ..................... light , opened the door and went out.
a) a b) the c) an d) no article
26- My brother is a soldier . He's in ..................... army .
a) no article b) a c) an d) the
27- What's on ..................... television tonight ? A football match .
a) an b) the c) no article d) a
28- France is .................. European country .
a) a b) an c) the d) no article
29- Hosam is learning to play ....................... piano .
a) no article b) a c) an d) the
- Find the mistake in each of the following sentences, then write them correctly:
1- The honesty is a good quality .
2- A young are usually full of energy .
3- Would you like the piece of cake ?
4- Hatem offered me the glass of Coca Cola .
5. that window is made of the glass .
6- A Turkish drink a lot of coffee .
7- A tiger is a very dangerous animal.
8- Please , tell me a time .
9- Egypt is in a north of Africa .
10- Our teacher of English has worked in a United Arab Emirates for 6 years .
11- I found some information about Shakespeare on an internet.
11- The basketball has become a popular sport.
12- It was such the difficult exam .
13- Are you interested in a history ?
14- A blind are in need of our love and care .
15- A Nile is the longest river in the world .
comparison
Choose the correct answer from a , b, c or d :
1- I'm very busy these days. I have ............... spare time than I used to .
a- less b- more c- few d- much
2- I haven't got many tapes . You've got......................... than I have .
a-less b- least c- much d- more
3- Climbing equipment today is .................... than that used in the past .
a- less modern b- modern c- more modern d- the most modern
4- A woolen صوفsuit is not as .................. as the clothing climbers use today.
a- more waterproof b- waterproof c- less waterproof d- most waterproof
5- I hope you are feeling ......................... now .
a- good b- the best c- best d- better
6- I'm going to Lake Nasser next week. We're going ................ than usual.
a-early b- earlier c- most earlier d- earliest
7- Of all teachers , I like the maths teacher ......................... .
a- best b- better c- good d- the best
8- Who is the oldest person ......................... the world ?
a- of b- in c- off d- at
9- It's the most delicious dish I have ......................... had .
a- never b- ever c- even d- yet
10- He is not as ......................... as his brother.
a- tall b- taller c- high d- higher
11- The faster you drive , the ......................... you arrive .
a- early b- earliest c- earlier d- best
12- Who is .................... , your father or your uncle ?
a- old b- oldest c- eldest d- older
13- Challenger Deep is the ......................... place on the earth .
a- deepest b- depth c- deeper d- deep
14- Ramzy, my ......................... brother will help me to do my homework.
a- older b- eldest c- oldest d- old
15- The black car is ......................... expensive than the blue one .
a- little b- the most c- least d- less
16- It is the most exciting book I have ......................... read .
a- still b- yet c- ever d- never
17- Ali is not as ......................... as Waleed.
a- stronger b- strongest c- strong d- strongly
18- Ahmed is ......................... handsome than Amgad.
a- the most b- little c- least d-more
19- Egypt is not..................... hot as the Sudan.
a- such b- too c- very d- so
20-Which is ......................... expensive , a car or a bicycle ?
a- most b- much c- many d- more