ملخص Rasselas لطالبات ثانية كليه

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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم


اعرف ان الكثيير من الطالبات يحوسون في هالرواية ومايلاقو شي
فحبيت اليوم انهي معاناتهم وانزل ملخص تقريبا شامل عن الرواية ماعدا الثيم لاني ماحصلته
طبعا هالملخص تم بمجهودي ومجهود وحدة من الطالبات
كل اللي ابيه دعوة صادقة وان الله يسخر لي زوجي ويرزقني بالذرية الصالحة




The History Of Rasselas
Prince Of Abissinia
BY
Samual Johnson


SUMMARY:

Rasselas is searching for happiness. He and Imlac, an Eastern wise man, dig their way out of the Happy Valley, where the Emperor's children are confined. Nekayah, his sister, and Pekuah, her maid, accompany the two men. Their search takes them from Suez to Cairo. They visit all types of men, and finding that no one is really happy. At the Pyramids, Pekuah is kidnapped. After her release, they all decide on what would bring them true happiness. Pekuah chooses a convent, Nekayah chooses knowledge, the Prince would like to have a little kingdom where he could administer justice. Knowing that they will never obtain these things, they finally back home.



يبحث رسلاس عن السعادة. فخرج رسلاس ومعه املاق – رجل شرقي حكيم- خارج الوادي السعيد حيث كانت تنحصر على أولاد الإمبراطور. رافق الرجلان نكايه – أخته- و بكواه خادمتها. أخذهم بحثهم من السويس إلى القاهرة. وقد زاروا مختلف الأشخاص مكتشفين انه لم يكن شخص واحد سعيدا بحق. واختطفت بكواه عند الأهرامات. وبعد إطلاق سراحها, قرر الجميع ما الذي قد يجعلهم سعداء بصدق. اختارت بكواه الدير، واختارت نكايه المعرفة، أما الأمير فأراد أن يمتلك مملكة صغير يستطيع أن يحقق العدالة فيها. مع أنهم يعلمون أنهم لن يحققوا هذه الأشياء إلا أنهم عادوا لوطنهم.


INTRODUCTION:

Rasselas was a novel written by Samual Johnson in the 181h century. He wasn't rich but he found himself in need of money to send it to his dying and beloved mother. After his mother's death, he finished writing this novel in one week to pay for his mother's expensive funeral. He wrote a letter to his friend, the printer, discussing him about the title of the work. He said that the title would be "The Choice of Life" or "The History of ____ Prince of Abissinia".

Rasselas, as a story book, is an eastern tale only in name. Unlike the Arabian Nights Entertainments and Persian Tale, appeared in English earlier in the 18th century, Rasselas was intended to curb imagination rather than excite it. Putting the eastern setting to ironical use, Johnson presents an un-optimistic analysis of the human condition.

The difference between Rasselas and the eastern tale can be seen from their superficial likeness. Both, for example, use the device of the story – within – a – story. In recounting his history, Imlac paints a depressing picture of the unhappiness of the outside world. Ironically, this makes Rasselas more eager to escape from the Happy Valley and begin his search for happiness.

Johnson doesn't use the elements of romance right from beginning. His narrative style reflects his concern of life which eludes prescription and planning.

By adopting an eastern setting, Johnson could easily invent for his characters a code of manners giving them the open access to the world. Despite their names and titles, there is nothing eastern about them. Johnson wants to talk about the greatness of generality not about greatness of eastern life. He doesn't describe the Persians and Egyptians but men in general.

There are two eastern features; the Nile and the Happy Valley. These two features posses a symbolic meaning in Johnson's narrative. The Nile is one of the four great rivers of the Garden of Eden. The three travellers start searching for earthly happiness from the river. But course of life, like the Nile, proves to be ceaseless and unreturing. After observing life in Cairo, Nekayah starts to doubt the possibility of human happiness.

The eastern setting of the Happy Valley makes a good picture of traditions in Abissinia. Johnson describes the Happy Valley very well. The side of the mountains is covered with trees, the banks of the river have a variety of flowers and there are a lot of fruits.

Rasselas, the prince of Abissinia, is a young man in his 26th age. He is the 4th son of the king. He possesses the innocence and the freshness of youth. Since youth is the time of adventure and hope and learning is the proper business of youth, Rasselas is never more Johnson's hero than when he desires to escape from the prison "Happy Valley ".

Rasselas adopts Imlac as his guide and tutor. Even though Imlac paints a depressing picture of the unhappiness of the outside world, insists to see the outside world. So, Rasselas will learn at first-hand of the difference between hop and reality, success and failure.

In their journey, the three young travellers observe city and country, mix with philosophers and shepherds and enter the homes of the lowly as well as the courts of the great. They visit the monuments of antiquity in an attempt to understand the character of a former race of men. All their searches prove the truth of Imlac's earlier words to Rasselas in the Happy Valley.

There are many causes of human unhappiness in Rasselas. The least important cause is that comes from the unavoidable accidents of life. When the Princess loses her maid, she sees no point in searching for happiness if it leads to misery unexpectedly. One of the causes of unhappiness occurs within the same family as a result of the conflicts that exist between people of different ages and temperament. But the most cause threatening the human happiness comes from the mind's tendencies.

All the three travellers entertain their dreams that contrast the reality of the world around them. But later, they admit that they give themselves up to private fantasies. Like the Prince when he imagines himself the ruler of a little kingdom. They are changed from being just spectators and become more actively involved in life around them.

They visit the catacombs, where the theme of the choice of life is set. For them, the catacombs become a memento mori, warning them of the shortness of their present state. Nekayah, in the book's last piece of direct speech, said:" to me the choice of life is become less important; I hope hereafter to think only on the choice of eternity".
They doesn't let go of their dreams and clings to hope. They all wishes to make a positive contribution to life, like Pekuah as a prioress, Nekayah as an instructress and Rasselas as a wise ruler.


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SETTING

In the 18th century English literature, the East was the fashion. Rasselas' setting is in the East where an Eastern prince Rasselas and his sister travel from Abissinia to Egypt, and where Imlac sees the world of Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Persia and Arabia -- the bed of Islam.

Like many others of his time, the writer borrowed from the Arabian Nights. The Arabian Nights was a source of inspiration for Johnson's novel Rasselas.

Rasselas depicts images of some Eastern civilizations, and portrays the natural beauty and luxury of the East. It opens with the description of the royal palace in the Happy Valley. Also the novel is mentioned the Egyptian generosity and the luxury of the palace where the Bassa (Basha) of Egypt lives.

Such description recalls the luxurious scenes of the palaces of the Muslim Abbasid Caliphs including Haroun Al-Rashid in the Arabian Nights. In addition there is the reference to the various civilizations of the East.


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COMMENTS:

CH (1): p. 2 & 3
The Happy Valley is very wide and full of fruits which supply its inhabitants with the necessaries of life. The king visits this valley once a year. This is ironic because the king doesn't give his sons any company and teach them to be a king. They live in kind of prison. Everything they want is present. There is many kinds of arts, such as musician, dancers…etc, showing their best.

CH (2): P. 4
The title is ironic while the Happy Valley is very happy. The writer shows that the physical comforts are not all the things needed by all people. Some people have other demands. They only know the happiness. They have all the skillful people to entertain them, such as musicians, singers, dancers …etc.
They can go around to the beautiful forest and sleep. They are told that the life outside the valley is bad and full of deceivers. They used to listen every day to songs which praising the Happy Valley. They feel boring of this repetition all of the day.

CH (3): P. 7 & 8
Line 1: The old instructor imagines that Rasselas makes himself having a disease in his mind.

"The old man ………. unhappy"
Rasselas tells the old man that he is not happy and doesn't like the happiness because he lives in a happy place. He retired from pleasure in that place. He knows now what misery is. He doesn't have any interest in what he has. He feels that he is lonely because he is miserable. The old man tells him that he is the first one who complains about misery in The Happy Valley, and he wishes to convince him that his complaints have no real reason. The old man says that he has no work to do and there is no danger to be afraid of. He asks him, how are you unhappy if you want nothing?.
The prince answers that he wants nothing, and that he doesn't know what he wants is the reason why he complains. He says that sleeping will not hide him from himself.
P: 8
'The old man …. to happiness "
The old man is surprised and shocked by the ideas of the young man. He doesn't know what to say, but he is unwilling to be silent, so he tells him that if he sees the miseries of the world, he will happy of his present condition. Here, the prince has something to desire which is seeing the miseries of the world.

CH: ( 4 ) P: 12
From these lines, we know that Rasselas decided to escape from the valley in order to find the desirable happiness.

CH: (6) P: 13
There are many professors who work to please all the people in the valley. Here Johnson is praising the science in his propaganda novel.

CH: (8) P: 18
Rasselas asks Imlac to tell him about his history. He starts by using a proverb " the life… away". He says that the scholar knows how to think, to talk, to read, to learn, to listen to ask and answer his questions. Johnson, here, gives the readers a massage which is a poet should be a scholar but a scholar shouldn't be a poet.


P:20
Johnson repeats the same thing.

(From page 20 to page 27, the lines talk about the characteristic of a good poet)

P:20 " I repent…….thee"
Rasselas is very respectable and a good student.

P: 20 "with this hope…… knowledge"
Knowledge is the most important thing in the 18th century. He has a teacher to teach him.


CH: 9
P: 24 "Having resided…….. their possessions"
Johnson talks about Persia. He is praising it. We can see how the Europeans think of us (the Arabs).They think that we are their slaves.


CH: 10
P:27 "But the knowledge…….. grace of harmony"
Johnson gives us a scientific study about how should the poet be a knowledgeable and scholar in order to be a good poet.
The knowledge of nature is important to the poet in order to estimate the happiness or the miserable life.
The poet is a man of Knowledge and learning. He should know the nature and how to think, to write, to read and to reflect the ideas of his age.


CH: 11
P: 28 "From Persia…… of the globe"
Imlac talks to the prince about his travels and the foreigners in Palestine.

P: 29 "By what means….. supreme being"
The prince asks a very reasonable question which is why can't the African and Asian go to European countries and occupied it?. Imlac says that because the European is more powerful and have knowledge and reason. Here, Johnson is propagating for the European.

P: 31 " They are surely….. to be enjoyed"
Johnson concentrates on Europe and European, and gives us wisdom in the last quotation.
All the human being are facing problems, diseases, miseries and death, but each person must endure and be able to face it if he wants to be happy.

CH: 12
P: 32 "When this though………"
Imlac talks to Rasselas about his history. He praises the ancient civilization because it reflects the source of knowledge for him.

" A man used…………"
Imlac got tired from his own country, and decided to go to the Happy Valley. (OR YOU CAN SAY: when Imlac returns to his country, he feels disappointed. That is because his father is dead, his inheritance divides between his brothers and some of his friends don't know him).

CH: 13
While they are walking, they see some rabbets trying to find a new shelter. Imlac tells Rasselas that we sometimes learn from the manner of animals. So they know how to escape by observing the manners of the rabbets.

"the eyes of the prince………certain"
Rasselas is enthusing to escape from the valley.

CH: 14
Johnson wants to tell the readers that not only men can travel and learn, but also women can.
Rasselas, Imlac and Nekayah want to escape from the valley because all of them feel boring.
Although they are afraid if someone catches them, they escape, get on the ship and travel from Suez to Cairo.

Johnson introduces one of the two female characters in Rasselas, Nekayah.
Nekayah gains the trust of Rasselas through her observation of his scheme to escape the “happy valley.” The happy valley, however, is not forgotten entirely, as will be seen in the concluding chapter of the narrative.

CH: 15
Imlac, Rasselas, Nekayah and Pekuah leave the valley. Imlac advices the prince and the princess to hide their jewels in their clothes, in order to keep them out of danger.



CH: 16
The “choice of life” becomes an identifiable theme in the text. Imlac points out some people will often delight in the trouble of their companions simply because another individual’s woe makes one’s own state bearable.

CH:17
Rasselas looks to men of his own age for insight about the “choice of life.” His moral rectitude and warning to his counterparts make him the object of laughter.
He doesn't find the happiness in the societies of the young men.

CH: 18
Rasselas listens to a “wise and happy man” who preaches about the temperance of the passions. However, when he loses his daughter, the sage fails to take his own advice and he enters into a state of despair.
As the voice of wisdom, Imlac warns “Be not too hasty. . . to trust, or to admire, the teachers of morality: they discourse like angels, but they live like men (80).

CH:19
Rasselas is eager to discover the world outside. He is also eager to visit the hermit and learn from his life and experiences.

CH: 20
Here, the hermit describes to Rasselas his misery although he is rich.
Johnson pays attention to the power struggles in Egypt through the example of the wealthy man living in the woods. Though prosperous, he lives in fear because he is at odds with the Bassa. A Bassa is a Turk of high rank.


CH: 21
The hermit is determined to leave his isolation.

Rasselas meets the hermit who seeks to return to the world he left behind. Solitude is no comfort. The only advice the hermit can offer is to avoid evil.

CH: 22
In his pursuit of the “choice of life,” Rasselas listens to “a wise and happy man,” a rhetor. However, the rhetor he speaks in generalities about following the nature of things. The more Rasselas listens to him, the less clear he is about the rhetor’s point.

CH: 25
Nekayah sees no complete happiness in the homes she has visited.


CH: 27
Rasselas recognizes that civic hierarchies create rivalries between one public servant and another.
Moreover, those people who are virtuous are not necessarily happier than those who are less virtuous. In other words, ills can befall both the good and bad.




CH: 29
Here is a conversation between Rasselas, Nekayah and Pekuah. There is a good advice here which is "choose your life and be satisfied with it".

CH: 30
Imlac interrupts Rasselas and Nekayah, and says to them they are in danger of letting life itself slip through their fingers.

CH:32
In their pursuit of the happiness, the young travellers enter the pyramids. They want to know how to be happy by observing and studying the ancient ages.

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CHARACTERS:


RASSELAS:

He is the prince of Abissinia. He is the fourth son of the king. Because of that, he doesn't have a hope of being a king. He tries to enjoy life. His every need is met. He has a tutor who tells him every thing about life.

When he is 26, he realized that he is bored. He explains the reason of his boredom that he can not live like an animal. To him, living in the palace is living like animals. He is curious and wants to have some knowledge. As a result of that he is unhappy.


Rasselas' goal is to make a "choice of life". He wants to search for happiness outside the happy valley, so he successes to escape from it. He clearly knows the type of happiness that he wants to discover. "Happiness" said he "must be something solid and permanent, without fear and without uncertainty". He demonstrates great determination in his search and doses not want to give up.

IMLAC

Imlac is the wise teacher and guide who accompanies Rasselas on his travel in search of happiness and the meaning of existence. He travels to a lot and different countries to learn. That's why Rasselas makes him his guide because he knows about the outside world.

His own sense that happiness was inevitably elusive and perhaps illusory, his own tendency relies on hope for the future, and his own paradoxical reluctance to live –emotionally- in the future.

Imlac rehearsed upon the various conditions of humanity.

NEKAYAH

She is the prince's sister. She is courageous to take the decision to go and search for happiness with her brother.

She is restless like her brother. She is searching for ease of life. She is always motivated by hope, that's why she joined her brother in his journey to search for happiness. She came to the same result at the end of the story when she realized that real happiness cannot be earthy it only can be granted by God in the other life.

She gets more mature because of the experience. She had been too long accustomed to the conversation of Imlac and her brother to be much pleased with childish levity.


Good luck
"Forgive me if there is something missing"

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Chapter XIV
Johnson introduces one of the two female characters in Rasselas, Nekayah.

Nekayah gains the trust of Rasselas through her observation of his scheme to escape the “happy valley.” The happy valley, however, is not forgotten entirely, as will be seen in the concluding chapter of the narrative.

Chapter XV
Rasselas, Nehayah, Pekuah, and Imlac ascend the mountain and seek the aperture which will give them freedom. The mountain in this episode functions as a womb, the image is one of birthing; the group leave one life behind and embark on another one.

Having entered into world of commerce and danger, Rasselas and Nekayah must downplay their noble rank, lest they become targets of crime.

Chapter XVI
The “choice of life” becomes a readily identifiable theme in the text. Imlac points out some people will often delight in the trouble of their companions simply because another individual’s woe makes one’s own state bearable.

Chapter XVII
Rasselas looks to men of his own age for insight about the “choice of life.” His moral rectitude and warning to his counterparts make him the object of laughter.

Chapter XVIII
Rasselas listens to a “wise and happy man” who preaches about the temperance of the passions. However, when he loses his daughter, the sage fails to take his own advice and he enters into a state of despair.
As the voice of wisdom, Imlac warns “Be not too hasty. . . to trust, or to admire, the teachers of morality: they discourse like angels, but they live like men (80).

Chapter XIX
Nekayah imagines herself as a shepherdess, one who can avoid the evils of city life.

Chapter XX
Johnson pays attention to the power struggles in Egypt through the example of the wealthy man living in the woods. Though prosperous, he lives in fear because he is at odds with the Bassa. A bassa/bashaw is a Turk of high rank.

Chapter XXI
The party meets the hermit who seeks to return to the world he left behind. Solitude is no comfort. The only advice the hermit can offer is to avoid evil.

Chapter XXI
On Rasselas’s return to Cairo, he listens to various opinions about the hermit. Johnson brings up the important idea of perspective: “Of the present state, whatever it be, we feel, and are forced to confess, the misery yet, when the same state is again at a distance, imagination paints it as desirable.” 87

Chapter XXII
This is an especially important chapter because Johnson makes fun of “jargon.” In his pursuit of the “choice of life,” Rasselas listens to “a wise and happy man,” a rhetor. However, the rhetor says nothing wholly of substance; he speaks in generalities about following the nature of things. The more Rasselas listens to him, the less clear he is about the rhetor’s point.

The study of theory can lead to a reliance on jargon wherein much is said, but in general or obscure terms. The way to avoid this pitfall is to use specifics and examples to illustrate a point.

Chapter XXIII
This chapter is especially important because it allows us to discuss the ideas of two separate spheres. The separate spheres idea is that women occupy the home and men circulate in the world of commerce and politics. Keep the separate spheres idea in mind for our discussion of Dickens.

Chapter XXIV
This chapter continues to evaluate the power struggles of the Middle East. The party meet the Bassa (Turkish) who is engaged in a power struggle with the Arab sultan.

Chapter XXV
Nekayah sees no complete happiness in the homes she has visited.

Chapter XXVI
Nehayah explains the competition and discord between parents and children.

Chapter XXVII
Johnson returns to the power theme of the narrative. Rasselas recognizes that civic hierarchies create rivalries between one public servant and another.
Moreover, those people who are virtuous are not necessarily happier than those who are less virtuous. In other words, ills can befall both the good and bad.

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تم بحمد الله

كل اللي ابيه دعوة صادقة
لان حيييل تعبت عليه
وبالتوفيق

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معا للأبد

اسأل الله العظيم الكريم ان يسعدك و يحفظ لك زوجك و يسخره لك
ويوفقك فإن التوفيق من عنده
وأن يسهل أمورك فإن التسهيل من لطفه
وان يجعل الفرحه والابتسامة
عنوان صباحكم ومساءكم
..

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يسلموو حبيبتي ع الدعوة الحلوة
وجزاك الله الف خير

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سبحانك اللهم لا اله الا انت اني كنت من الظالمين