باسيج تو اينديا....افيدوني [الأرشيف]

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30-03-2010, 03:13 PM

نورهـ صآلح ..

حيآكـِ يآقمر ..

Culture Clash
At the heart of A Passage to India — and in the background — is a clash between two fundamentally different cultures, those of East and West. The British poet Rudyard Kipling, who was born in India and lived there for several years as an adult, wrote: "East is East and West is West, and never the twain shall meet." Without quoting or acknowledging Kipling, Forster adopts this premise as a central theme of A Passage to India.
The West is represented by the Anglo-Indians (the British administrators and their families in India) in Chandrapore. They form a relatively small but close-knit community. They live at the civil station, apart from the Indians. Their social life centers around the Chandrapore Club, where they attempt to recreate the entertainments that would be found in England. Although these Westerners wish to maintain good relations with the Easterners whom they govern, they have no desire to "understand" India or the Indians. Early in the book Ronny Heaslop remarks that "No one can even begin to think of knowing this country until he has been in it twenty years." When Adela Quested rebukes him for his attitudes, he replies that "India isn't home" — that is, it is not England.
Mrs. Moore, Adela, and Mr. Fielding are three English characters who challenge this received wisdom. Significantly, Mrs. Moore and Adela are newcomers who have no experience of India and thus are not fully aware of the gulf that separates the two cultures: "They had no race-consciousness — Mrs. Moore was too old, Miss Quested too new — and they behaved to Aziz as to any young man who had been kind to them in the country." However, Adela shows her ignorance of Indian customs when she asks Dr. Aziz how many wives he has. The Turtons throw a "Bridge Party" to "bridge the gulf between East and West," but this event only emphasizes the awkwardness that exists between the two cultures. Mrs. Moore senses that India is full of "mystery and muddle" that Westerners cannot comprehend. Following Aziz's arrest, Turton tells Fielding that in his twenty-five years in India "I have never known anything but disaster result when English people and Indians attempt to be intimate socially."
The culture clash, however, is not only between Indians and Anglo-Indians, but also between two distinct groups of Indians — Moslems and Hindus. The narrative makes it clear that these two groups have very different traditions. Dr. Aziz is proud of his Moslem heritage and considers the Hindus to be almost alien. Hindus "have no idea of society," he tells Mrs. Moore, Adela, and Fielding. At the same time, although he is quite conscious of being an Indian, Aziz has a sentimental affection for Persia, the land from which Moslem culture originally spread to India. The Moslem-Hindu divide closes somewhat when a Hindu attorney, Mr. Amritrao, is called in to defend Aziz. After the trial, Hindus and Moslems alike celebrate Aziz's acquittal. In the book's final section, Aziz is living in a Hindu state, where he regards himself as
an outsider

...

Culture Clash
The English, schooled in a fairly simple version of Christianity, are unable to understand the mysterious spirituality of India. Mrs. Moore shows some interest in the topic when she first arrives in the country. She likes the idea of "resignation"-being passively resigned to the will of God-which she associates with Indian thought. She is also attracted to the unity of everything in the universe, another idea she associates with India. But the incident in the caves, when she hears the echo, unnerves her. The echo annihilates all distinctions in the name of the unity of life, and also annihilates distinctions between good and evil. This is far from the Christian view of life, at least in Mrs. Moore's view, and leads her into despair and apathy.
But this is merely a Westerner's point of view. Against the negative portrayal of Indian spirituality implicit in the "echo" incident is a more positive vision that occurs in Part 3 of the novel. There is no mistaking the joy and affirmative value of the Hindu festival conducted at Mau, in which the birth of Lord Krishna is enacted. Once again, this is rendered largely from the outsider's point of view, since neither Aziz nor Fielding understands it, but it well represents the "mystery" of Indian spirituality that cannot be penetrated by Westerners.
The clash of cultures can be seen not only in Mrs. Moore's response to India but also in Fielding's. Fielding does not believe in God and therefore has no interest in the contrast between Eastern and Western spirituality, but nonetheless, as chapter 32 shows, he feels far more at home with the forms of Western architecture he encounters in Venice than with the temples of India. The temples represent to him merely the "muddle" of India, whereas Western architecture presents him with a view of "the harmony between the works of man and the earth that upholds them, the civilization that has escaped muddle, the spirit in a reasonable form, with flesh and blood subsisting."

بالتوفيق (:

M.o_o.N

30-03-2010, 06:16 PM

تفضلي حبيبتي هذا كل مايخص الرواية وبالاسفل الترجمة لها

https://saudienglish.net/vb/showthread.php?t=62627

موفقة :)

The Clash Of Cultures And Races In "A Passage To India"

The clash of cultures and races in "A Passage to India"

A Passage to India, published in 1924, was E. M. Forster's first novel in fourteen years, and the last novel he wrote. Forster began writing A Passage to India in 1913, just after his first visit to India. The novel was not revised and completed, until the end of his second stay in India, in 1921, when he served as secretary to the Maharajah of Dewas State Senior.
Novel examines the racial misunderstandings and cultural hypocrisies that characterized the complex interactions between Indians and the English toward the end of the British occupation of India. It is also about the necessity of friendship, and about the difficulty of establishing friendship across cultural boundaries. On a more symbolic level, the novel also addresses questions of faith, in a social and religious conventions.

The story begins when Two englishwomen, the young Miss Adela Quested and the elderly Mrs. Moore, travel to India. Adela expects to become engaged to Mrs. Moore’s son, Ronny, a British magistrate in the Indian city of Chandrapore. Adela and Mrs. Moore each hope to see the real India during their visit, rather than cultural institutions imported by the British.
At the same time, Aziz, a young Muslim doctor in India, is increasingly frustrated by the poor treatment he receives at the hands of the English.
In the opening scene, Dr. Aziz is involved in a discussion about whether or not it is possible for an Indian to be friends with an Englishman. The conversation is interrupted by a message from the Civil Surgeon, Major Callendar, who requests Dr. Aziz's immediate assistance.