مشروع بحث عن الشاعر w.b.yeats وقصيدتين

[بصراوي]

السلام عليكم.....
اعظاء ومشرفين منتديات سعودي انجلش عندي طلب هو اني طالب مرحلة رابعة اداب اللغة الانجليزية
وعندي مشروع بحث هو عن الشاعر w.b.yeats وقصيدتين هما
1-the second caming
An Irish Airman foresees his Death-2
فارجو منكم ان تزودوني بمصادر + شرح وافي وكامل لقصيدتين و خصوصاً الاقصيدة الاولى
نص البحث المطلوب هو:political hints w.b.yeats potery with reference to anirish airman foresess his death and the second caming
ارجو منكم ان لا تبخلو علية باعطاء

[PRΛDΛ]

WB Yeats
William Butler Yeats was born in Dublin on the 13th of June 1865, the son of John Butler Yeats, barrister turned portrait painter, and Susan Pollexfen, daughter of a wealthy (mills and shipping) Sligo family. Yeats's early years were spent between Dublin, London, and Sligo, attending schools in London and Dublin before entering the Metropolitan School of Art. However, he was increasingly drawn to writing through his admiration for the works of Samuel Ferguson and James Clarence Mangan.


(left) Yeats receiving his Honorary Degree at Oxford. +(right) "Mr. W. B. Yeats, presenting Mr. George Moore to the Queen of the Fairies." This cartoon by Sir Max Beerbohm satirises Moore's initiation into the Irish literary movement, with which he was to carry on a brief and uneasy collaboration. +
Yeats's first volume of verse, Mosada, A Dramatic Poem, came out in 1886 followed by The Wanderings of Oisin (1889), the year that he met Maud Gonne, who was to trouble his life and inspire his poetry for many years. Yeats published The Celtic Twilight (1893), a volume that lent its name to a school of poetry noted for its wavering rhythms and its evocation of melancholy, dream-like states of feeling.
In 1894 Yeats found a patron in Lady Gregory of Coole Park, and they cooperated in research into Irish folklore, and (with Edward Martyn) in the Irish Literary Theatre.
The Wind Among the Reeds (1899), contains the finest poetry of Yeats's early phase.
Yeats's volume, The Green Helmet (1910), marks a departure from his earlier Celtic poetry, and it was followed by Responsibilities (1914), The Wild Swans at Coole (1919), Michael Robartes and the Dancer (1921), The Tower (1928), The Winding Stair and Other Poems (1933), A Full Moon in March (1935), and Last Poems (1939).
Yeats married George Hyde-Lees in 1917, and through her cooperation as a medium he published A Vision (1925). They had two children, Anne and Michael.
Yeats's international reputation as a poet was assured from the 1920s, and in 1923 he was awarded the Nobel prize. The Irish state had already rewarded him with a seat in the Senate in 1922.
Yeats died on the 28th of January, 1939, in Roquebrune, France. He was buried there and, in 1948, his remains were brought back to Ireland to rest, as he had wished, "under bare Ben Bulben's head in Drumcliff churchyard".
المصدر :+http://www.yeats-sligo.com/wb_yeats

“The Second Coming”

Summary

The speaker describes a nightmarish scene: the falcon, turning in a widening “gyre” (spiral), cannot hear the falconer; “Things fall apart; the center cannot hold”; anarchy is loosed upon the world; “The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere / The ceremony of innocence is drowned.” The best people, the speaker says, lack all conviction, but the worst “are full of passionate intensity.”


+
Surely, the speaker asserts, the world is near a revelation; “Surely the Second Coming is at hand.” No sooner does he think of “the Second Coming,” then he is troubled by “a vast image of the Spiritus Mundi, or the collective spirit of mankind: somewhere in the desert, a giant sphinx (“A shape with lion body and the head of a man, / A gaze as blank and pitiless as the sun”) is moving, while the shadows of desert birds reel about it. The darkness drops again over the speaker’s sight, but he knows that the sphinx’s twenty centuries of “stony sleep” have been made a nightmare by the motions of “a rocking cradle.” And what “rough beast,” he wonders, “its hour come round at last, / Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?”

Form

“The Second Coming” is written in a very rough iambic pentameter, but the meter is so loose, and the exceptions so frequent, that it actually seems closer to free verse with frequent heavy stresses. The rhymes are likewise haphazard; apart from the two couplets with which the poem opens, there are only coincidental rhymes in the poem, such as “man” and “sun.”

Commentary

Because of its stunning, violent imagery and terrifying ritualistic language, “The Second Coming” is one of Yeats’s most famous and most anthologized poems; it is also one of the most thematically obscure and difficult to understand. (It is safe to say that very few people who love this poem could paraphrase its meaning to satisfaction.) Structurally, the poem is quite simple—the first stanza describes the conditions present in the world (things falling apart, anarchy, etc.), and the second surmises from those conditions that a monstrous Second Coming is about to take place, not of the Jesus we first knew, but of a new messiah, a “rough beast,” the slouching sphinx rousing itself in the desert and lumbering toward Bethlehem. This brief exposition, though intriguingly blasphemous, is not terribly complicated; but the question of what it should signify to a reader is another story entirely.

Yeats spent years crafting an elaborate, mystical theory of the universe that he described in his book A Vision. This theory issued in part from Yeats’s lifelong fascination with the occult and mystical, and in part from the sense of responsibility Yeats felt to order his experience within a structured belief system. The system is extremely complicated and not of any lasting importance—except for the effect that it had on his poetry, which is of extraordinary lasting importance. The theory of history Yeats articulated in A Vision centers on a diagram made of two conical spirals, one inside the other, so that the widest part of one of the spirals rings around the narrowest part of the other spiral, and vice versa. Yeats believed that this image (he called the spirals “gyres”) captured the contrary motions inherent within the historical process, and he divided each gyre into specific regions that represented particular kinds of historical periods (and could also represent the psychological phases of an individual’s development).

“The Second Coming” was intended by Yeats to describe the current historical moment (the poem appeared in 1921) in terms of these gyres. Yeats believed that the world was on the threshold of an apocalyptic revelation, as history reached the end of the outer gyre (to speak roughly) and began moving along the inner gyre. In his definitive edition of Yeats’s poems, Richard J. Finneran quotes Yeats’s own notes:

The end of an age, which always receives the revelation of the character of the next age, is represented by the coming of one gyre to its place of greatest expansion and of the other to its place of greatest contraction... The revelation [that] approaches will... take its character from the contrary movement of the interior gyre...

+
In other words, the world’s trajectory along the gyre of science, democracy, and heterogeneity is now coming apart, like the frantically widening flight-path of the falcon that has lost contact with the falconer; the next age will take its character not from the gyre of science, democracy, and speed, but from the contrary inner gyre—which, presumably, opposes mysticism, primal power, and slowness to the science and democracy of the outer gyre. The “rough beast” slouching toward Bethlehem is the symbol of this new age; the speaker’s vision of the rising sphinx is his vision of the character of the new world.

This seems quite silly as philosophy or prophecy (particularly in light of the fact that it has not come true as yet). But as poetry, and understood more broadly than as a simple reiteration of the mystic theory of A Vision, “The Second Coming” is a magnificent statement about the contrary forces at work in history, and about the conflict between the modern world and the ancient world. The poem may not have the thematic relevance of Yeats’s best work, and may not be a poem with which many people can personally identify; but the aesthetic experience of its passionate language is powerful enough to ensure its value and its importance in Yeats’s work as a whole.
المصدر :+http://www.sparknotes.com/poetry/yeats/section5.rhtml


Analysis of "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death"

Title

The title "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death" is reflective of the fact that the airman foresaw his impending death. This title is significant in that it reflects the fate that many people fighting in war face. They know their death is approaching them with very little they can do about it.

Speaker

This poem is recited in first person. The poet is recounting the thoughts that are going through his mind as his death approaches. This choice of voice is important because it gives insight into the thoughts of the airman fighting on the verge of death.

Setting

This poem takes place around 1916 during one of the Irish civil wars in the skies over Ireland. The mood and atmosphere created by Yeats is of a solemn, peaceful tone. The pilot sees his death forthcoming yet he does not seem regretful or scared, but rather accepts the fate he is going to encounter.

Structure

The poem is one stanza long. It is divided into four sections and in each section the first and thrid lines rhyme, as do the second and fourth. There are approximately 8 syllables per line. The simple form reflects the rather simple theme of the poem.

Speech Figures

The poem has a rhyme pattern of ababcdcdefefghgh. A metaphor present in the poem is "Drove to this tumult in the clouds." (Yeats) Through this metaphor it explains that once the narrator had reached the peak of his flight, he has also reached the peak of his life. From here he will encounter his death. Anohter example of a metaphor presented in this poem is "A waste of breath the years behind." (Yeats) This passage from the poem is a metaphor which compares the years that have past and how they were a waste of time. An example of irony found in the poem is when he says he does not love or want to protect the people of his country, yet when people go to war they usually fight with honour for their country.

Since Ireland was considered a part of The British Commonwealth, the Irish were expected to act for the good of the Mother Land. That also meant dying for the Mother Land. The Irish had no quarrel with anyone except their own rulers.

Sense To Sound

Words were chosen carefully to fit the rhyme scheme and make it more appealling to the reader with the attempt to stress every second syllable.

Summary

The speaker, an Irish airman fighting in World War I, declares that he knows he will die fighting among the clouds. He says that he does not hate those he fights, nor love those he guards. His country is “Kiltartan’s Cross,” his countrymen “Kiltartan’s poor.” He says that no outcome in the war will make their lives worse or better than before the war began. He says that he did not decide to fight because of a law or a sense of duty, nor because of “public men” or “cheering crowds.” Rather, “a lonely impulse of delight” drove him to “this tumult in the clouds.” He says that he weighed his life in his mind, and found that “The years to come seemed waste of breath, / A waste of breath the years behind.”

Form


+
This short sixteen-line poem has a very simple structure: lines metered in iambic tetrameter, and four grouped “quatrains” of alternating rhymes: ABABCDCDEFEFGHGH, or four repetitions of the basic ABAB scheme utilizing different rhymes.

Commentary

This simple poem is one of Yeats’s most explicit statements about the First World War, and illustrates both his active political consciousness (“Those I fight I do not hate, / Those I guard I do not love”) and his increasing propensity for a kind of hard-edged mystical rapture (the airman was driven to the clouds by “A lonely impulse of delight”). The poem, which, like flying, emphasizes balance, essentially enacts a kind of accounting, whereby the airman lists every factor weighing upon his situation and his vision of death, and rejects every possible factor he believes to be false: he does not hate or love his enemies or his allies, his country will neither be benefited nor hurt by any outcome of the war, he does not fight for political or moral motives but because of his “impulse of delight”; his past life seems a waste, his future life seems that it would be a waste, and his death will balance his life. Complementing this kind of tragic arithmetic is the neatly balanced structure of the poem, with its cycles of alternating rhymes and its clipped, stoical meter.




المصادر :+http://www.sparknotes.com/poetry/yeats/section4.rhtml
http://webhome.idirect.com/~francisc/yeats/airmananalysis.htm
<3

[بصراوي]

شكرا جزيلا ً
لكن اريد تفاصيل اكثر عن سبب تحول كتابة الشاعر w.b.yeats من الغزلية الى السياسية
اتمنى تجاوبوني الله يخليكم.............

[sabagh1974]

http://img216.imageshack.us/img216/8275/goodtopicnw7.gif

[بصراوي]

ارجو الرد باسرع وقت ممكن

[PRΛDΛ]

صباح الخير :)

هذا الرابط فيه سيكشن كامل عن ستايل الشاعر+
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._Yeats
&
http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/william-butler-yeats
<3

[بصراوي]

شكراً جزيلا ولو صارت زحة دورت على كتاب اسمىw.b.yeats poetry notes للكن مالكيتة فية شرح ومعلومات على القصيدين اتمنى تجدوا الان كلش محتاجة .

[بصراوي]

شباب ساعدوني بسرعة اريد اقدم البحث يوم 12\12\2011