In fact, part of learning English grammmar is to learn the parts of speech. And in order to be a good writer or speaker, we all have to know these parts. Most of us have an idea about them, but not all of us know how to differentiate between them because there are exceptions in any rule as we all know.
I hope every one will get benefit from that.
Now let us start:
Nouns
A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, quality, concept or action
The first letters of some nouns are capitalized to show a specific name or title (Alan). These are called proper nouns. Other nouns that are not specific do not use a capital letter (man). These are called common nouns. Nouns that have a singular and plural form are called count nouns. Nouns that only have a singular form are called non-count nouns.
Non-count nouns never add -s.
Nouns function in many ways:
subject: The car runs well.
direct object: I bought a book.
complements: Mary was president.
object of the prep: He walked to the store.
indirect object: Sam mailed Joan a letter.
possession: The woman's daughter left early.
Verbs
A verb is a word that tells what the subject of the sentence does, says, thinks, or feels. Sometimes the verb shows movement (jump) or sometimes it shows how a thing is or that it exists (is). The verb also shows time which is called tense. The form of the verb or its tense can tell when events take place.
For example, the verb clean
Present Simple: clean/ cleans
Past Simple: cleaned
Future Simple: will clean
Present Perfect : has/have cleaned
Past Perfect: had cleaned
Future Perfect: will have cleaned
Present Continuous (Progressive) : is/am/are cleaning
Past Continuous (Progressive) : was cleaning
Future Continuous (Progressive) : will be cleaning
Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) : has/have been cleaning
Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) : had been cleaning
Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) : will have been cleaning
Adverbs
Adverbs are words that modify..
• a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive
• an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car
• another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How slowly did she move
As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened. Adverbs frequently end in -ly; however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve an adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that a word is an adverb. The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly, for instance, are adjectives:
• That lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood.
••Kinds of adverbs :
• Adverbs of Manner
She moved slowly and spoke quietly.
• Adverbs of Place
She has lived on the island all her life.
She still lives there now.
• Adverbs of Frequency
She takes the boat to the mainland every day.
She often goes by herself.
• Adverbs of Time
She tries to get back before dark.
It's starting to get dark now.
She finished her tea first.
She left early.
• Adverbs of Purpose
She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.
She shops in several stores to get the best buys.
••Positions of Adverbs
One of the hallmarks of adverbs is their ability to move around in a sentence. Adverbs of manner are particularly flexible in this regard.
• Solemnly the minister addressed her congregation.
• The minister solemnly addressed her congregation.
• The minister addressed her congregation solemnly.
The following adverbs of frequency appear in various points in these sentences:
• Before the main verb:
I never get up before nine o'clock.
• Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb:
I have rarely written to my brother without a good reason.
• Before the verb used to:
I always used to see him at his summer home.
Indefinite adverbs of time can appear either before the verb or between the auxiliary and the main verb:• He finally showed up for batting practice.
• She has recently retired.
Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe a noun. Ugly, funny, big, round, and loose are all examples of adjectives. Some less obvious examples are: that dog, her bone, enough food, every room. Adjectives can also describe how much or how many: fewer friends, less food, more people.
colors: blue,red, green, orange, yellow...etc
quality: honest,loyal, sincere, efficient, rude
size: big, small, tiny, large, huge...etc
emotions: sad, happy, angry...
numbers: one, two, second and third
action verbs of feeling (can be used as adj.):
interested/interesting
satisfied/satisfying
bored/boring
excited/exciting
articles: a, an and the
Verb+ED becomes an adjective when it is used to describe a person or animal that experiences an emotion We will call this adjective the Experiencer adjective.
One good way to remember to use ED to describe the Experiencer is to remember that both words start with E. The Experiencer is described with ED.
Verb+ING becomes an adjective when it is used to describe the things that cause an emotion. We will call this the Instigator (Causing) adjective.
One good way to remember to use ING to describe the Instigator (or Causing) adjective is to remember that both words start with I. The Instigator is described with ING.
Pronouns
Pronouns are words that take the place of a noun.
Example: Carol is nice. She is also pretty.
Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word that connects phrases, words, or clauses. Conjunctions are often used as transitions.
There are two kinds of conjunctions:
COORDINATING: connects words, phrases, or clauses:
and, but, or, for
Gallaudet teachers communicate in American Sign Language and English.
either... or; neither... nor; both... and; not only... but also
Most students use either ASL or English.
hence, therefore, moreover, however, besides, consequently
I like to read; however, I hate to write.
SUBORDINATING: introduces subordinate clauses and connects them with the main clause
who, which, that
People who live in glass houses don't like children to play catch in front of their houses.
although, because, since, though, if, as if
Although I work hard, I'm still broke.
Prepositions
Prepositions are words that express the relation of a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence. Prepositions show the relationships among things, people, and places.
preposition of :
[- direction ( to & from ) such as:
to the store
from the library
toward the floor
- place ( where ):
in the hall
on the ceiling
over the doorway
- time ( when ):
in a minute
on July 4
at lunch time
Interjections
An interjection is an exclamatory word (or words) that shows strong or sudden feeling and has no grammatical function in the construction of a sentence.
Oh! Alas! So! Wow! Cool!
So, these are the parts of speech
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