Conditional Type I ( if + Simple Present, will-Future ) {Real Possibility } :
if ----> إن
whatever ---> مهما
whenever ---.> مكان حيثما
however ----> كيفما ( كيفية)
however ----> مهما
however --- > مهما ( مدى القدرة )
otherwise --- > و إلا ( تحذير )
whoever ---> أى
Conditional Type II ( if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive) ) { imaginary present \ unlikely future } :
If --- > إن ( أقل إحتمالية من الحالة الأولى)
Conditional Type III ( if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle) ) { Imaginary past } :
If ----> لو
If --- > لولا
Conditinal If Type zero ( The simple present tense is the tense use in both clauses) { ( The zero conditional is a structure used for talking about general truths, or scientific facts -- things which always happen under certain conditions. ) ( A zero conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause (note that most zero conditional sentences will mean the same thing if "when" is used instead of "if" ) }
If --- > إذا ( إحتمال قوى جدا )
Other Notes:
If only ----> لولا ( regret ) (2nd condition)
---- > إذا (Hypothesis ) (3rd condition)
* First type is used with idioms and الأقوال المأثورة
* Wish ( regret -ve connotation ) يتمنى
* Hope ( +ve connotation ) يرجو
Modality in Translation
Modality is either ACTION ( speaker's action ) or Belief (Speaker's Beliefs ) .
ACTION MODALITY & TRANSLATION :
Should :
obligation ---> ينبغى
advice --- > يستحسن سنصح بـ
judgment --- > عليك
Can't :
permission --- > لا يمكن \ لا يستطيع
Can :
capability ---- > ممكن \ يمكن \ بمقدوره \ باستطاعته
May :
permission --- > بإمكانك \ بمقدورك
request for permission --- > أتسمح
Must :
obligation --- > يجب على \ على
Have To :
necessity --- > لابد \ يلزم \ يتحتم \ يتعين \ يجب على
compelled --- > سنضطر إلى
Don't Have to :
not necessary ---> ليس من المحتم \ ليس من الضرورى
Might \ Could :
nuance of possibility ---- > من الجائز \ من الممكن \ قد \ محتمل
Can \ Might \ may \ to be \ allowed to :
nuance of permission --- > مسموح \ وسع \ قد \ أمكن \ استطاع
* High level of probability ---- > الأرجح \ أغلب الظن | من المرجح
* Near Certainty (should \ could\ ought to ) --- > لاشك \ دون شك \ لابد \ لا ريب
Belief Modality & Translation :
Should :
probability --- > أغلب الظن \ من المرجح أن \ من المفترض \ الأرجح
Could:
possibility ---- > من الجائز \ من المحتمل \ قد \ من المرجح \ ربما
Must:
certainty --- > من المؤكد \ أغلب الظن
Others :
* Needn't \ don't have to ( absence of obligation ) --- > لا داعى
* Ought to ( Moral obligation ) --- > من المفضل \ ينبغى
( Conclusion \ strong possibility ) ---> لابد
* Shall \ will \to be to ( command ) ---- > عليك \ يجب
* Can't \ Couldn't ...etc (refusal ) --- > غير مسموح لك \ غير ممكن \ لا تستطيع
* Can\ Could \ be able to ( ability ) --- > يستطيع \ يقدر
* Shall ( 3rd person ) (2nd person ) --- > بالتأكيد \ تأكيد
* will ( 1st person ) ---> تأكيد \ بالتأكيد
Affixation in Translation
(1)Prefixes
(A) Counting prefixes: quantify the root:
Prefix Meaning Keyword Arabic Translation
A-\an- Lacking Asymmetry عدم التناسق
Ambi- Both - around amphitheatre المدرج
Arch- Chief –principal - high Archangel رئيس الملائكة
Bi- Twice - double Bilingual مجيد اللغتين
Di- Two Diatomic ثنائي الذرة
Mono- One Monocrystal البلورة المنفردة
Multi- Many Multidimensional متعدد الأبعاد
Oligo- few Oligarchy حكم القلة
Omni- all Omnipresence كلية الوجود
Pan- All , comprising or affecting all Panorama الاستعراض
Poly- Many Polygamy تعدد الزوجات
Tri- three Trident الرمح الثلاثى
Uni- one Uniped ذو قدم واحدة
(B)Involvement prefixes: say something about the kind of involvement of the participants in the action:
Prefix Meaning Keyword Arabic Translation
Anti- Opposed , instead , against Antibody الجسم المضاد
Auto- Self Auto-Run تشغيل آلى
Co-\con- Together / jointly Coauthoring المشاركة بالتأليف
Contra- Against / opposite Contra lateral فى الجزء المقابل
Vice- In place of / instead Viceroys نواب الملك
(C) Judgment about the root:
Prefix Meaning Keyword Arabic Translation
Dis- Not / opposite of Disfavored مكروه
Dys- Bad / badly Dyspepsia سوء الهضم
Eu- Good / well Euphonies الكلمات الجميلة
Extra- Outside the scope of Extra-cellular خارج الخلية
Mal- Ill / evil / wrong Malcontented متذمر
Meta- Changed / transcending Meta-language ما وراء اللغة(اللغة التي تستخدم في تعريف لغة اخرى)
Mis- Badly / wrongly Misdeeds الآثام
Pro- On behalf of Proclamations إعلانات
Proto- First / chief Prototype النموزج
Pseudo- False / deceptive / resemblance Pseudonyms الاسماء المستعارة
Crypto- Secret\hidden Cryptography الكتابة المشفرة
(D) Locative prefixes: place or direction:
Prefix Meaning Keyword Arabic Translation
Ab-\a-\abs- From \away Abbreviation الإختصار
Ad- toward Addiction الادمان
Ana- back Ancestor الجد
Apo- Away \ from Apocalyptic تنيؤي
Cata- Down\away\back\opposite Catabolism الانتفاض
Circum Around Circumference المحيط
Counter Against\opposite Counteractive مضاد
De- Away from\down Deactivation التعطيل
Dia- Across \through Diagrams التخطيطات
Ecto- \ exo- external Ectopic منزاح
En- In \ into Endeavour المسعى
Endo- internal Endoderm السطح الداخلى من الجلد
Epi- On \ over Epicenter المركز
Ex-\ec- Out from\away Exogenous خارجى
In- In\into\within In-line بالإتجاه نفسه
Infra- Below/beneath\within Infrared الأشعة تحت الحمراء
Intra-\intro- inside Intranasal داخل الأنف
Ob- Toward\against Obfuscation التشويش
Para- Beside\along with Parapsychology دراسة خوارق اللاشعور
Per- Through/thoroughly Perambulation التجول
Peri- Around\nearby Perimeter المحيط
Pro- In front of Procreation الولادة
Pros- Toward Prostration الانهيار
Retro- Backwards\back Retrospect التذكر، التأمل فى الماضى
Sub- Under\below Subcategorizing التصنيف الثانوى
Super- Over\above Superhuman فوق طاقة البشر
Sur- Over \ above\beyond Surname اللقب
Syn- With \together Synchronization التزامن
Trans-\tres\tra- Across\surpassing Transcended متجاوز
(E) Measurement prefixes:
Prefix Meaning Keyword Arabic Translation
Hyper- Over\to excess Hypercritical شديد الانتقاد
Hypo- Under\slightly Hypodermic تحت الجلد
Is-\iso- equal Isometric متساوى القياس
Macro- Large\broad scale Macroeconomics الاقتصاد الكلى
Micro- Tiny\small scale Microanalysis التحليل الكيميائي لكمية ضئيلة جداً من المادة
Mid- middle Midland وسط البلاد
Semi- Half\partly Semi-Automatic نصف آلى
Ultra- Beyond\extreme Ultra-violet الأشعة فوق البنفسجية
(F) Negative prefixes:
Prefix Meaning Keyword Arabic Translation
Dis- Apart\reversal\lacking Disability العجز
In- negative Inability عدم القابلية
Non- Not Non-numerical غير عددى
Ob- Inverse\in the opposite directions Obfuscation التشويش
Se-\sed- apart Seductively بإغراء
Un- Not/opposite Unappealable غير قابل للاستئناف
(G) Temporal prefixes: time and duration:
Prefix Meaning Keyword Arabic Translation
Ante- preceding Antedating السبق
Fore- before Forecast التوقع
Neo- New\recent Neologisms التعابير الجديدة
Post- After\behind Postdoctoral متعلق بـما بعد الدكتوراة
Pre-\pro- Before\in front of Preallocated مخصص مسبقا
Re-\red- Anew\again\back Regathered عادة تجميع
(2)Suffixes
(A) Deriving adjectives from nouns and verbs:
Suffix Meaning Keyword Arabic Translation
-able Fit for doing \fit for being done Comfortable مريح
-al\-ial\-ical\-ual Having the property of physical طبيعي
-an\-ian Belonging to\resembling Sectarian طائفي
-ary Having a tendency or purpose contemporary معاصر
-ate Full of Passionate عاطفى
-ese Belonging to a place Portuguese برتغالى
-esque Having the style of something Picturesque رائع
-esc become Coalesce إلتئم
-ful Full of something beautiful جميل
-iac Pertaining to the property of Maniac معتوه
-ic Having the property of Medic الطبيب
-ish To become like something Girlish بناتي
-ive Characterized by passive سلبي
-less Without \ free from fearless جريئ
-ly Appropriate to \befitting perfectly بشكل مثالي
-oid Having the shape of\resembling Paranoid المذعور
-ory Connected with\serving for Obligatory إلزامي
-ose Full of \abounding in Verbose مضجر
-ous Of the nature of something Religious ديني
-some Like\characterized by\apt to handsome وسيم
-y Full of\characterized by lovely رائع
(B) Forming abstract nouns:
Suffix Meaning Keyword Arabic Translation
-asy\-acy State or quality Ecstasy النشوة
-age Condition\state\rank\office of savage وحشي
-ance \-ence State\act\fact of Emergence الظهور
-ade General noun Salad سلطة
-al Act of Local محلى
-ation State of being X-ed Information معلومات
-ery\-ry Collectively Slavery العبودية
-hood State of \condition of Fatherhood الإبوة
-ia Condition of Paranoia الذعر
-icity Abstract noun from -ic electricity الكهرباء
-ism Doctrinal; system of principles Realism
-ity State\quality\condition of Unity الوحدة
-ment Condition of being something armament السلاح
-ness State\quality\condition of Innateness الفطرة
-ship State\condition of Friendship الصداقة
(C) Forming agentive nouns:
Suffix Meaning Keyword Arabic Translation
-ant\-ent One who Agent الوكيل
-arian Member of sect\holding to a doctrine Authoritarian المتسلط
-ast One associated with something Enthusiast المتحمس
-er agent Teacher مدرس
-ist One connected with\often agent Artist فنان
-ician One skilled in some art or science Politician رجل سياسة
(D) Forming verbs from roots and stems:
Suffix Meaning Keyword Arabic Translation
-ate Cause something to happen Terminate منتهي
-en To become Darken ظلم
-ify To cause \to be something Rectify صحح
-ize To cause to be something Realize يدرك
-ed Past tense verbs hopped تمنى
-er comparative higher أعلى
-est comparative biggest الأكبر
-ing Verb form \present participle running يجرى
-s\-es More than one Books كتب
(E) Miscellaneous suffixes:
Suffix Meaning Keyword Arabic Translation
-arium Locative\a place for or connected with Aquarium حوض سمك
-ess Feminine of something Tigress أنثى النمر
-let diminutive Booklet الكتيب
(3)Roots
(A) Common Latin roots
Latin Root Meaning Keyword Arabic Translation
Aud hear Audible مسموع
Equi equal Equitable متساوى
Fig form Figure شكل
Ject throw Reject يرفض
Migr move Migrate يهاجر
Port carry Porter يحمل
Spect look Inspect يفتش
Vid\vis see Video\visible مرئى
Voc voice Vocal صوتى
Bene Well\good Benefit منفعة
Centi hundred Centipede مئوية الأقدام
Contra against Contrary عكسى\ضد
Dict Say\speak dictation الإملاء
duct lead Conduct التصرف
Form shape Formulate يشكل
Fract break Fracture يكسر
Struct build Construct يبنى
(B) Common Greek roots
Greek Root Meaning Keyword Arabic Translation
Biblio book Bibliography الفهرس
Graph Write\record Autograph التوقيع
Meter measure Thermometer ميزان الحرارة
Ology Study of Biology علم الأحياء
Phil love Philosophy فلسفة
Sphere ball Hemisphere نصف الكرة الأرضية
Tele From afar Telephone تليفون
Auto self Automatic آلى
Bio life biology علم الأحياء
Chron time Chronology تأريخ الأحداث
Geo Earth Geology جيولوجيا
Hemi half Hemisphere نصف الكرة الأرضية
Macro large Macromolecular ضخم الجزيئات
Micro small Microcosm العالم الصغير
Mono single monosyllabic أحادى المقطع
Psych Mind\soul psychic روحانى
therm heat thermometer ميزان الحرارة
Tenses in Translation
* present simple :facts / habits " He always goes to work by bus."--we use-->اعتاد من العادة + المضارع
Future regularities " I am to go to the club today"--we use --> من المفترض أن من المقررأن + المضارع
* Past simple " He went to her yesterday"--- we use -- > فعل ماضى
*Future simple " You will help him later "--- we use --> س أو سوف + المضارع
* Present Perfect : unfinished actions "They've been watching TV since three o'clock."--- we use --> لم + المضارع حتى الآن لما + المضارع ... بعد
actions connected to the present --- we use --> قد + الماضى (للتقريب
when + always ---we use ---> لطالما
*Past continuous " You were studying when she called. "---- we use ---> كان + المضارع
* Past perfect"You had studied English before you moved to New York." -----we use ---> كان+ قد + الماضى
*past perfect continuous"You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived." ---we use ---> كان + اسم الفاعل كان آخذ فى كان يعمل
*Future continuous"You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight." ----we use ---> سوف أكون +اسم الفاعل(مستمرمنهمك
*Future perfect"You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S." --- we use ---> سأكون قد +فعل ماضى سيكون قد + فعل ماضى
*Present continuous"You are watching TV.": temporary actions --- we use --> فى الوقت الحالى حاليا من وقت لآخر
Gradual changes --- we use ---> آخذ فى تدريجيا شيئا فشيئا
Future plans ---we use ---> من المقرر عقدت العزم س +الفعل
