COHESION AND COHERENCECohesion:
is the relationship between meanings. It refers to the ties between
sentences. it is independent of sentence or grammatical boundaries. it is achieved
through relationships in which the interpretation of one idea in the text depends on
successful interpretation of another.
Cohesive ties:
links that establish cohesion.
Types of Cohesion:
Cohesion by conjunction: 1. it supplies the logical connection between parts of
the text. It marks the way one sentence follows the other and how the text
as a whole is moving forward.
2. Lexical cohesion: an individual word that refers back to another word in the
development of the text.
Lexical set: words of similar meaning that form a stitch work through the
text and can be set out as a set.
general commanding operations, Indians killing ,war, Indians,
negotiate, General Cook, command, escort, ammunition train,
2. Reference = anaphora =
The way in which speakers refer back to another
part of the text. It is achieved through pronouns & demonstratives.
4. Ellipsis
= part of the utterance is left unsaid.
Coherence = Factors which help us see the text as a whole. It relates to general
knowledge as to what goes with what, e.g.: knowledge of historical events in which
related phenomenon.
Parallel structure is an aid to coherence.
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o Parallel sentence elements appear in lists, series, and compound structures.
Connectives like and, or, but, yet link and relate balanced sentence elements.
o Parallel words and phrases:o
Parallel clauses:o What to say and what to do seem out of joint.
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(5) EMPHASISSome ideas vary in importance, expression of them should vary in emphasis. Ideas
may be emphasized through the following:
1. By placing important words at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.1.
By changing loose sentences to periodic ones. In loose sentences, the main ideacomes first; less important ideas or details follow. In a periodic sentence, the
main idea comes last, just before the period.
2. By arranging ideas in the order of climax (order of importance with the strongestidea last)
3. By using active voice instead of passive voice.41
4. By repeating important words:o
.
5. By putting a word or phrase out of its usual order.o
6. By using balanced sentence structure.A sentence is
