general linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of human language.[1][2][3][4] Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields: the study of language form, that of language meaning, and that of language in a broader context.

The first subfield of linguistics,
the study of language structure or grammar, focuses on the elaborate and formal systems of rules that are followed by fluent language speakers. This subfield encompasses morphology (the formation and composition of words), syntax (the rules that determine how words combine into phrases and sentences) and phonology (the study of sound systems and abstract sound units). Phonetics is a related branch of linguistics concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds, nonspeech sounds, and how they are produced and perceived.

The second subfield, that of meaning, focuses on how language users make the inferences required to fully understand another person's statement and how ambiguity can arise. This subfield encompasses semantics (how meaning is inferred from words and concepts) and pragmatics (how meaning is inferred from context).

Many other subdisciplines of linguistics tackle language within a broader context. These other subdisciplines of linguistics include: evolutionary linguistics, which considers the origins of language; historical linguistics, which explores language change; sociolinguistics, which looks at the relation between linguistic variation and social structures; psycholinguistics, which explores the representation and functioning of language in the mind; neurolinguistics, which looks at the representation of language in the brain; language acquisition, which considers how children acquire their first language and how children and adults acquire and learn their second and subsequent languages; and discourse analysis, which is concerned with the structure of texts and conversations, and pragmatics with how meaning is transmitted based on a combination of linguistic competence, nonlinguistic knowledge, and the context of the speech act.

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