(Reported Speech (Indirect Speech

[● Ṡeяεиiτч . . ☆]

?What is reported speech

Reported speech is when you tell somebody else what you or a person said before.
Distinction must be made between direct speech and reported speech.

Direct speech vs Reported speech:

Direct speech Reported speech She says: "I like tuna fish." She says that she likes tuna fish. She said: "I'm visiting Paris next weekend" She said that she was visiting Paris the following weekend.

Different types of sentences

When you use reported speech, you either report:
Statements
questions
requests / commands
other types

A. Reporting Statements

When transforming statements,
check whether you have to change:
pronouns
tense
place and time expression

1- Pronouns

In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on who says what.

Example:
She says, “My dad likes roast chicken.” – She says that her dad likes roast chicken.

2- Tenses

If the sentence starts in the present,
there is no backshift of tenses in Reported speech.

If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in Reported speech.


Direct speech Reported speech (no backshift)
“I write poems.” He says that he writes poems. (backshift) “I write poems.” He said that he wrote poems.

No backshift
Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in a present tense (e. g. He says). Note, however, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb (3rd person singular).

Example:
He says, “I write poems.” – He says that he writes English.

Backshift
You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in a past tense (e. g. He said).

Example:
He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happy.

Examples of the main changes in tense:
Direct Speech Reported Speech

Simple Present
He said: "I am happy"

Simple Past
He said that he was happy

Present Progressive
He said: "I'm looking for my keys"

Past Progressive
He said that he was looking for his keys

Simple Past
He said: "I visited New York last year"

Past Perfect Simple
He said that he had visited New York the previous year.

Present Perfect
He said: " I've lived here for a long time "

Past Perfect
He said that he had lived there for a long time

Past Perfect
He said: "They had finished the work when I arrived"

Past Perfect
He said that they had finished the work when he had arrived"

Past Progressive
He said: "I was playing football when the accident occurred"

Past Perfect Progressive
He said that he had been playing football when the accident had occurred

Present Perfect Progressive
He said:"I have been playing football for two hours."

Past Perfect Progressive
He said that he had been playing football for two hours

Past Perfect Progressive
He said: "I had been reading a newspaper when the light went off"

Past Perfect Progressive
He said that he had been reading a newspaper when the light had gone off

Future Simple (will+verb)
He said: "I will open the door."

Conditional (would+verb)
He said that he would open the door.

Conditional (would+verb)
He said: "I would buy Mercedes if I were rich"

Conditional (would+verb)
He said that he would buy Mercedes if he had been rich"

The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn't, ought to, used to do not normally change.
Example:
He said, “She might be right.” – He said that she might be right.

3- Place, demonstratives and time expressions

Place, demonstratives and time expressions change if the context of the reported statement (i.e. the location and/or the period of time) is different from that of the direct speech.
In the following table, you will find the different changes of place; demonstratives and time expressions.

Direct Speech Reported Speech Time Expressions today that day now then yesterday the day before … days ago … days before last week the week before next year the following year tomorrow the next day / the following day Place here there Demonstratives this that these those

B. Reporting Questions

When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:
pronouns
place and time expressions
tenses (backshift)
Also note that you have to:
transform the question into an indirect question
use the question word (where, when, what, how) or if / whether

Types of questions Direct speech Reported speech With question word (what, why, where, how...) "Why" don’t you speak English?” He asked me why I didn’t speak English. Without question word (yes or no questions) “Do you speak English?” He asked me whether / if I spoke English.

C. Reporting requests / commands

When transforming requests and commands, check whether you have to change:
pronouns
place and time expressions

Direct speech Reported speech “Nancy,do the exercise.

“ He told Nancy to do the exercise.

"Nancy, give me your pen, please.
" He asked Nancy to give him her pen.

Tenses are not relevant for requests –

simply use to / not to + verb (infinitive without "to")

Example:

She said, “Sit down." - She asked me to sit down.
She said, "don't be lazy" - She asked me not to be lazy

For affirmative use to + infinitive (without to)

For negative requests, use not to + infinitive (without to).

.
I find it so useful .
I hope you will like it

[بحر الأماان]

I found it so useful
Thanks dear

[Alsqour.w]

magnificent

i really need it
merci