Applied Linguistics

**فتى الجبال** · 11-05-2012, 12:20 AM

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

تحية طيبة لكم مني اخوتي واخواتي في منتدانا الغالي

ارجو تقديم المساعدة ان امكن لاني مقبل على اختبارات نهاية السنة
وادعو من الله التوفيق للجميع

اني بحاجة الى ملخصات لمواضيع في علم اللغة

1. Discouese Analysis
2 .Langauge and the brain
3. First langauge acquisition
4. Second langauge acquisition
5. Langauge Varieties
6. Langauge ,society and culture

ولكم جزيل الشكر احبتي الكرام

**M a Y a** · 12-05-2012, 06:54 AM

Discouese AnalysisDiscourse analysis (DA), or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written, spoken, signed language use or any significant semiotic event.

The objects of discourse analysis — discourse, writing, conversation, communicative event, etc. — are variously defined in terms of coherent sequences of sentences, propositions, speech acts or turns-at-talk. Contrary to much of traditional linguistics, discourse analysts not only study language use 'beyond the sentence boundary', but also prefer to analyze 'naturally occurring' language use, and not invented examples. Text linguistics is related. The essential difference between discourse analysis and text linguistics is that it aims at revealing socio-psychological characteristics of a person/persons rather than text structure
Topics of discourse analysis include:
The various levels or dimensions of discourse, such as sounds (intonation, etc.), gestures, syntax, the lexicon, style, rhetoric, meanings, speech acts, moves, strategies, turns and other aspects of interaction
Genres of discourse (various types of discourse in politics, the media, education, science, business, etc.)
The relations between discourse and the emergence of syntactic structure
The relations between text (discourse) and context
The relations between discourse and power
The relations between discourse and interaction
The relations between discourse and cognition and memory

**M a Y a** · 12-05-2012, 07:03 AM

First langauge acquisition Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words to communicate. The capacity to successfully use language requires one to acquire a range of tools including syntax, phonetics, and an extensive vocabulary. This language might be vocalized as with speech or manual as in sign.
The human language capacity is represented in the brain

**M a Y a** · 12-05-2012, 07:10 AM

4. Second langauge acquisition
Second-language acquisition or second-language learning is the process by which people
learn a second language. Second-language acquisition (often abbreviated to SLA) is also the name of the scientific discipline devoted to studying that process. Second language refers to any language learned in addition to a person's first language; although the concept is named second language acquisition, it can also incorporate the learning of third, fourth or subsequent languages.[1] Second-language acquisition refers to what learners do; it does not refer to practices in language teaching.

Comparisons with first language acquisition People who learn a second language differ from children learning their first language in a number of ways. Perhaps the most striking of these is that very few adult second-language learners reach the same competence as native speakers of that language. Children learning a second language are more likely to achieve native-like fluency than adults, but in general it is very rare for someone speaking a second language to pass completely for a native speaker. When a learner's speech plateaus in this way it is known as fossilization.

In addition, some errors that second-language learners make in their speech originate in their first language. For example, Spanish speakers learning English may say "Is raining" rather than "It is raining", leaving out the subject of the sentence. French speakers learning English, however, do not usually make the same mistake. This is because sentence subjects can be left out in Spanish, but not in French.[8] This influence of the first language on the second is known as language transfer.

Also, when people learn a second language, the way they speak their first language changes in subtle ways. These changes can be with any aspect of language, from pronunciation and syntax to gestures the learner makes and the things they tend to notice.[9] For example, French speakers who spoke English as a second language pronounced the /t/ sound in French differently from monolingual French speakers.[10] When shown a fish tank, Chinese speakers of English tend to remember more fish and fewer plants than Chinese monolinguals.[11] This effect of the second language on the first led Vivian Cook to propose the idea of multi-competence, which sees the different languages a person speaks not as separate systems, but as related systems in their mind

**M a Y a** · 12-05-2012, 07:35 AM

Langauge Varieties
In sociolinguistics a variety, also called a lect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster. This may include languages, dialects, accents, registers, styles or other sociolinguistic variation, as well as the standard variety itself
Linguists commonly use language variety (or simply variety) as a cover term for any of the overlapping subcategories of a language, including dialect, idiolect, register, and social dialect
dialect"A regional or social variety of a language characterized by its own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties."[3] The term dialect is often associated with regional varieties of speech. In addition, though, there are dialect varieties associated with particular ethnic groups (sometimes called ethnolects), socioeconomic classes (sometimes called sociolects), or other social or cultural groups.
Registers and styles
A register (sometimes called a style) is a variety of language used in a particular social setting.[9] Settings may be defined in terms of greater or lesser formality,[10] or in terms of socially recognized events
Unlike dialects, which are used by particular speech communities and associated with geographical settings or social groupings, registers are associated with particular situations, purposes, or levels of formality. Dialect and register may be thought of as different dimensions of variation
Idiolect
An idiolect is defined as "the language use typical of an individual person."[12] An individual's idiolect may be affected by contact with various regional or social dialects, professional registers, and in the case of multilinguals, various languages