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TOEFL
TOEFL is a registered trademark of Educational Testing Service (ETS). The TOEFL Program is administered by Educational Testing Service
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Introduction
The TOEFL test refers to the Test of English as a Foreign Language. The TOEFL program is designed to measure the ability of non-native speakers to read, write and understand English as used at college and university campuses in North America. The primary purpose of the TOEFL program is for admission to colleges, universities or professional programs in North America. The TOEFL test is also sometimes used to evaluate the English ability of candidates for admission to academic or professional programs outside of English-speaking countries. Since it was first administered in 1965, the TOEFL test has been taken by about 850,000 candidates annually. Currently over 4,300 colleges, universities, professional programs and sponsoring institutions throughout North America require the TOEFL test. The content of the TOEFL test consists of general use of both written and spoken North American English. Although the TOEFL test places special emphasis on English, in both spoken and academic writing contexts, as used on North American university campuses, specialized knowledge of cultural or academic subject matter will not provide an advantage to TOEFL test examinees. Educational Testing Service conducts extensive research and review of TOEFL test content to ensure that there is no bias against or in favor of particular national, racial or linguistic groups.
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Test Format
The TOEFL test is administered in two different formats, the traditional paper-based format and the Computer-based Test (CBT) first introduced in July 1995. The TOEFL test is currently taken in the in the computer-based format in most parts of the world, however the paper-based TOEFL test continues to be used in areas where the CBT is less feasible. The computer-based TEOFL test uses both question items similar to the paper-based format and questions that are computer-specific.
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The TOEFL CBT Test
Candidates taking the computer-based TOEFL test will first go through a seven-step tutorial designed to teach computer skills necessary for taking the test. The tutorial is un-timed and un-scored. Skills such as using a mouse, scrolling and icon recognition are covered in the tutorial. There is one tutorial for each of the four sections of the TOEFL test, Listening, Structure, Reading and Writing. The Listening and Structure sections of the TOEFL CBT are a computer-adaptive. This means that candidates will first be given a question of average difficulty and will then be given questions of lower or higher difficulty based on whether the question was answered correctly or incorrectly. In other words, computer-adaptive testing tailors difficulty levels based on candidates' abilities. The format of the computer-based TOEFL test is as follows:
Section Time Limit No. of Questions
Tutorials no time limit
Listening 40-60 minutes 30-50
Structure 15-20 minutes 20-25
Break 5 minutes
Reading 70-90 minutes 44-55
Writing 30 minutes 1 topic
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Listening
The listening section of the TOEFL test is divided into three parts. In the first part, candidates will hear short conversations consisting of two lines followed by a single question. In the second part, candidates will hear a longer conversation between two speakers consisting of seven to lines followed by four to five questions with four answer choices each. Longer lectures, talks or broadcasts comprise the final part of the listening section. Candidates will hear a one to two minute long talk delivered by a single speaker followed by four to five questions. Although most listening section questions use the traditional multiple-choice format, some listening section questions are of a type that can only be offered over a computer. Examples of computer-specific questions involve visual recognition, selecting two of four possible answer choices and items requiring test-takes to order or match objects, phrases or words.
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Structure
The Structure section focuses on recognizing vocabulary, grammar and usage proper to standard North American written English. The subject matter of Structure section test items is academic, focusing on science, the arts, literature, culture and history related to North America. However, specific or detailed knowledge of these topics is not necessary for correctly answering the question items. There are two types of questions in the Structure section of the TOEFL test. One question type presents candidates with a sentence containing a blank line. Test-takers must choose a word or phrase that appropriately fills in the blank. The other Structure section question type consists of complete sentences with four separate underlined words. Candidates must choose which of the four underlined answer choices contains an error in grammar or usage.
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Reading Section
The Reading Section comprises short passages similar of the type used as academic texts in the US or Canada. The texts focus on the arts, literature, biography, science and history in a North American context. However, specific knowledge in any of the fields above will not provide an advantage for answering the questions correctly. Success on the reading section is achieved solely through understanding the passages and questions. Main ideas, facts, inferences, and vocabulary are the focus of Reading section questions. The Reading section uses the traditional multiple-choice format as well as computer-specific questions requiring candidates to choose a particular word, phrase or paragraph from the text. Other computer-specific questions require candidates to insert a sentence in the text where it is most appropriate.
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Writing Section
The Writing section requires candidates to compose an essay using original thought, analysis, examples, evidence and organization in English. The essays are based on single assigned topics. Candidates have to the choice of composing their essays at a computer or using the traditional hand-written format
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Computer-Based TOEFL Test scoring
The computer-based TOEFL test is scored using a raw score based on the number of questions answered correctly that is converted to a scaled score ranging from 0 to 300. The Writing section is scored on a scale of one to six and comprises about one half of the scaled score on the Structure section. The following chart demonstrates the scoring system for the computer-based TOEFL test.
Listening 0-30
Structure/Writing 0-30
Reading 0-30
Total 0-300
Essay (on a separate scale) 0-6
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The TOEFL Paper-based Test
The paper-based TOEFL (PBT) test consists of three sections, similar to the first three sections of the computer-based test. The PBT consists entirely of multiple-choice questions. All answer choices are printed in a test booklet and answers are filled in on a computer-scored answer sheet. The paper-based TOEFL test is now offered only in areas where computer-based testing is not feasible, however the number of candidates taking the paper-based TOEFL test will increase significantly in the near future now that Educational Testing Service has eliminated numerous computer-based testing centers. Since computer-adaptive testing is not possible on the paper-based test, the PBT has three question difficulty levels.
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Section I: Listening Comprehension
Part A: Dialogues
In this part, candidates will hear thirty two-line dialogues followed by questions. There are four answer choices printed in the test booklet.
Part B: Extended Conversations
2 conversations
7-8 items
In the extended conversations part, examinees will hear two six to eight line conversations between two speakers followed by three or four spoken questions for each conversation. The four answer choices for each question are printed in the test booklet.
Part C: Mini-talks
Examinees will hear three talks, lectures, broadcasts or speeches given by a single speaker followed by three to five questions about each talk. As in the other two parts of the Listening section, the questions for the mini-talks will be heard over audio only.
Time: Approximately 30 minutes
Sentence Completion
The sentence completion part of the TOEFL test is comprised of fifteen sentences with a single blank in place of one or more missing words. Test-takers must choose the word or words that appropriately fill in the blank
Error Recognition
25 items
Candidates will read twenty-five sentences, each with four answer choices in the form of underlined words or phrases. Candidates must select the answer choice containing an error in grammar or usage.
Time: 25 minutes
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Section 3: Reading Comprehension
5-6 passages
50 items
Candidates will read five to six passages followed by seven to twelve answer choices following each passage. Factual information, vocabulary comprehension and inference making are the most important aspects of the Reading Comprehension section.
Time: 55 minutes
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