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Wh-movement in English
1- Wh-movement in English main clauses (Questions)
English is one language that features wh-movement. For example, a declarative sentence in English featuring normal word order would be:
He buys bread.
The direct object, "bread", of the verb, "buy", normally follows the verb; however, when the direct object is replaced with a wh-word in order to form a question, the wh-word generally appears at the beginning of the sentence:
What does he buy?
In standard English main clause nonsubject questions, an auxiliary verb needs to follow a wh-word. If there is no auxiliary verb, a form of "do" must be used. The auxiliary verb (or a form of "do") occurs after the wh-word and before the subject:
He should buy bread.
[2- Wh-movement in English subordinate clauses (not questions)Wh-movement is also seen in subordinate clauses in English. Sentences of the kind below are sometimes called embedded (or indirect) questions.
I wonder what he bought. rather than
*I wonder he bought what.
However, most varieties of English do not show the auxiliary do in such cases:
*I wonder what did he buy.
In most varieties of English, other auxiliaries remain in their normal position after the subject of the sentence:
I wonder what he should buy.
rather than
*I wonder what should he buy.
Examples like this show us that the wh-phrase does not necessarily occur at the front of the sentence, but sometimes occurs at the beginning of a subordinate clause.
Belfast English has been cited as an example of an English dialect where *I wonder what did he buy and *I wonder what should he buy are allowed. However, most North American and British English disallows these constructions.
3-Wh-movement in English relative clauses
Wh-words at the front of the clause are also seen in relative clauses in English:
I know the man [who bought the cheese]. I know the woman [whom John saw].
I know the place [where John put the cheese].
In some of these examples the wh-word may be omitted:
I know the woman [John saw].
I know the place [John put the cheese].
The word that may also be used instead of a wh-word:
I know the man [that bought the cheese].
I know the woman [that John saw].
I know the place [that John put the cheese].
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