البحث وطرائقه

**سناء احمد** · 03-10-2010, 08:30 PM

Research can be defined as the search for knowledge or as any systematic investigation to establish facts.
The primary purpose for applied research (as opposed to basic research) is discovering, interpreting, and the development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe. Research can use the scientific method, but need not do so.[citation needed]
Research processesScientific research
Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process. Though step order may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal research, both basic and applied:
• Formation of the topic 1-• Hypothesis 2-
• Conceptual definitions3- • 4-Operational definition
• Gathering of data 5-• Analysis of data6-
• 7-Test, revising of hypothesis • 7-Conclusion, iteration if necessary
Artistic ResearchOne of the characteristics of Artistic Research is that it must accept subjectivity as opposed to the classical scientific methods. As such, it is similar to the social sciences in using quantitative research and intersubjectivity as tools to apply measurement and critical analysis.[citation needed]
Historical method
The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use historical sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. There are various history guidelines commonly used by historians in their work, under the headings of external criticism, internal criticism, and synthesis. This includes higher criticism and textual criticism. Though items may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following concepts are usually part of most formal historical research:
• Identification of origin date • Evidence of localization
• Recognition of authorship • Analysis of data
• Identification of integrity • Attribution of credibility
Research methods
The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge, which takes three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be obscure.):
• Exploratory research,
which structures and identifies new problems
• Constructive research,
which develops solutions to a problem
• Empirical research,
which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence

Research can also fall into two distinct types:•
Primary research
(collection of data that does not already exist)
• Secondary research
(summary, collation and/or synthesis of existing research)
In social sciences
and later in other disciplines, the following two research methods can be applied, depending on the properties of the subject matter and on the objective of the research:
• Qualitative research
(understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior)
• Quantitative research
(systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships)